印尼多黨總統制、民粹主義和民主倒退：以佐科威時期為例

本文旨在探討2014年印尼佐科威總統上任之後的多黨體系運作，並分析印尼的民粹主義（populism）與民主倒退的關係。本文論證指出印尼因選舉制度、歷史因素、政黨背景等因素的交互作用，導致印尼國會長期以來並無大黨取得過半席次，故總統須組織執政聯盟拉攏其他政黨，以使執政黨在國會中的法案不受到杯葛。另外，多黨國會的密室協商也成為貪汙或尋租的機會，導致人民對政府有高度的不信任感，同時也給民粹主義者製造與人民站在同一陣線的選舉動員機會，但卻在當選後受到雅加達政治圈之文化所限制，使得當選人不得不再次步上與其他政黨協商和共謀的傳統之路。民粹總統佐科威和多黨國會通過一些爭議性法案，造成印尼總統制的民主危機和民主倒退。

關鍵字

總統制；多黨體系；佐科威；民粹主義；民主倒退

並列摘要

This paper aims to analyze the operation of multiparty Presidentialism in Indonesia after Joko Widodo was elected as president in 2014 and to explain the relationship between populism and democratic backslide. This paper argues that the interactions between electoral systems, historical factors, and party background entail the consolidation of the multiparty system and the president has to coalesce with other parties to form a ruling coaliton in order to avoid legislative boycotts. However, on the one hand, secret chamber negotiations of the multiparty system have created the opportunity of corruption or rent-seeking, enducing the Indonesian people's distrust in government and on the other hand, they also provide the populist leaders the chance for effective electoral mobilization. After populist leaders are elected, they are constrained by the culture of Jakarta's political circle which upholds the tradition of negotiation and collusion among parties. President Joko Widodo as a populist leader with the multiparty congress has passed some controverisal bills to cause democratic backslide.

並列關鍵字

presidentialism ； multiparty system ； Joko Widodo ； populism ； democratic backslide

國際替代計量

印尼多黨總統制、民粹主義和民主倒退：以佐科威時期為例

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