可及性對鄉村地區生活品質的影響

衡量人類福祉( well-being )不能單純的以物質上的經濟數據為依據，如國內生產總值(Gross Domestic Product, GDP)數據並不足以得知人民生活狀況，因此發展出生活品質( Quality of oLife ,簡稱QoL)此概念，涵蓋人民生活的各個層面，也是現今社會、政府單位與國際組織日益重視的議題。文獻顯示可及性(accessibility )與生活品質有密切的相關性，但過去研究多數集中在都市地區，鄉村地區的生活品質與可及性的關聯仍很少於現今學術界見到，故本研究以此為主題探討。本研究目的在了解可及性對於鄉村地區生活品質的影響。首先，針對相關文獻分成「鄉村地區與運輸」與「生活品質與運輸」兩個主題進行回顧，因臺南縣市合併後境內運輸系統發展與環境條件不一，是運輸系統差異明顯的地區，故選定臺南市為研究區域。根據行政院研究發展考核委員會定義偏遠地區鄉鎮，將境內區分為鄉村地區偏遠程度高、低與最低三種等級，再進一步透過訪談、相關文獻評析提出理論假說。繼而取得內政部生活意象調查資料、臺南市旅運需求調查資料以整理變數資料，進行階層次序羅吉特模式分析，檢定可及性是否會對鄉村地區生活品質產生影響。本研究經過訪談與文獻回顧後，將生活品質實證結果分成:健康維護、經濟生活、社會參與、公共安全、環境品質、文化休閒與學習生活等七個面向，可及性則分為近程、中程與遠程。實證結果發現:醫療院所在近程可及性對健康維護面向的滿意度有正向顯著影響；農會、銀行、郵局休閒設施可及性對經濟生活面向滿意度達到正向顯著關係，商業區可及性對經濟生活面向為負向顯著關係；文化設施遠程可及性對環境品質面向達到正向顯著關係；社會參與面向和宗教設施、體育設施可及性有正向顯著關係，宗教設施是正向顯著關係，體育設施在遠程可及性有負向關聯；公共安全面向受到警察局、消防局和商業區可及性的正向影響；體育設施遠程可及性則在文化休閒面向有負向影響。過去文獻認為增加可及性即可增加居民生活品質，但上述發現顯示，如果想要改善居民的生活品質，需要了解居民是哪項生活品質滿意度低，再改善該面向的近、中或遠程可及性，甚至部分結果顯示增加可及性不一定會讓每個面向的生活品質提升；但總體而言除了改善可及性，易行性的增加是可以間接提升鄉村地區居民生活品質的方式。

關鍵字

鄉村地區；可及性；生活品質；階層線性模式；次序羅吉特式

並列摘要

Most rural areas in the world suffer challenges of providing sufficient transportation services to residents. Lacking public transport systems and private vehicle ownerships in rural areas limits individual accessibility to facilities and services and may result in a lower quality of life. This research aims to clarify the influences of accessibility on quality of life in rural areas. The study data was collected from Tainan, Taiwan, where contains areas with diverse rural levels and is suitable to this research. The observations of quality of life surveys, which were conducted by the Ministry of the Interior in 2012-2014, were used as the study sample and analyzed using hierarchical ordered logit models. The accessibility variables were determined according to literature reviews and stakeholder interviews. The empirical evidence reveals that area accessibility is positively related to a resident's quality of life in rural areas. Quality of life was divided into seven categories in this research: health, economic, leisure, culture, social involvement, safety and sport. Accessibility was classified into three levels: long distance, medium distance and short distance. The empirical evidence reveals the following findings: 1) short distance accessibility of medical facilities is positively related to health satisfaction; 2) accessibility of farm associations, banks, post offices and leisures facilities is positively related to economic satisfaction while accessibility of commercial facilities is negatively associated with economic satisfaction, 3) Long distance accessibility of culture facilities is positively related to environment satisfaction; 4) social envolvement satisfaction is positively related to long distance accessibility of religious and sport facilities; 5) safety satisfaction is positively related to accessibility of police offices, fire stations and commercial facilities; and, 6) long distance accessibility of sport facilities is negatively related to culture and leisure satisfaction. The previous studies commonly argued that enhancing accessibility in an area contributes to higher quality of life. However, the empirical findings of this research imply that the above argument is not always true. The influences of accessibility on QoL are different among QoL perspectives. Moreover, enhancing mobility could contribute to a higher quality of life.