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  • 學位論文

臺灣與美國遺囑要式及瑕疵救濟之比較研究

A Comparative Study on Will Formalities and the Excuses for Formality Errors in Taiwan and the U.S.

指導教授 : 黃詩淳

摘要


在我國人口高齡化以及家庭結構漸趨多元情況下,人們有為了老年生活規劃財產的誘因。遺囑為規劃老年財產重要的方式之一,遺囑能處分財產的方式越多樣,越有利於人們利用。不過,符合遺囑要式是遺囑有效的重要前提。因此,在討論如何以遺囑規劃遺產前,應先討論如何滿足遺囑的要式以及遺囑發生要式瑕疵時如何救濟,此即本文之問題意識。 首先,本文比較對象為美國遺囑法。原因是美國遺囑法在發展上受到遺囑替代物影響,而大量討論關於遺囑要式存在之目的與功能的問題,以及如何救濟遺囑要式之瑕疵。又,本文分析的對象主要是《統一繼承法典》,必要時始提及各州個別之規定。 美國普通遺囑類型有三,分別是見證遺囑、自書遺囑與公證遺囑。各遺囑之形式要件相當簡單,即使如此仍有瑕疵可能。對此,學說基於遺囑要式功能理論提出實質吻合原則。然而,由於法院並不採用,學說改而支持無害錯誤法則,即原告能證明遺囑真意則遺囑有效。 其次,本文藉由梳理我國遺囑類型,以及學說與實務針對遺囑形式要件之解釋後,發現我國遺囑解釋較嚴格且形式要件較複雜。此外,我國實務上主要以無效遺贈轉換為有效死因贈與,來救濟要式瑕疵。雖然該方法能有效救濟部分遺囑,但仍有許多限制。 最後,在比較美國與我國遺囑類型與瑕疵救濟方法後,本文認為參考美國遺囑形式要件之解釋以及功能論的觀點,在解釋論上應從寬解釋遺囑形式要件,而在立法論上則應減少遺囑要件。此外,建議以無害錯誤法則取代無效遺贈轉換為有效死因贈與之方法,來救濟要式瑕疵,但引入該法則時應針對我國與美國法制之差異以及該法則之缺點調整。

並列摘要


On the influence of the population aging and the diversity of family structures, people in Taiwan have more incentives to do estate planning. A will is a useful tools for estate planning. However, will formalities are crucial parts of will validity. Thus, it is important to discuss will formalities and excuse formality errors. This thesis is a comparative legal study between wills in Taiwan and the U.S. In the U.S., wills and probate are highly affected by surging will substitutes. Therefore, there is abundant research on will formalities and how to deal with formality errors. These provide rich perspectives for a comparative study. There are three will forms in Uniform Probate Code, which are attested wills, holographic wills and notarized wills. These will forms have rather simple formalities. However, even so, it is still possible to bring about formality errors. U.S. scholars have promoted the doctrine of substantial compliance and the rule of harmless errors to excuse these errors. The latter, rule of harmless errors, was adopted in 1990 UPC. As for Taiwan, will formalities are more complicated and interpretations of formalities are narrower. Besides, there are several limits to excuse formalities errors by transforming an invalid devise into a valid donatio causa mortis. Comparing these issues in the U.S., this thesis argues that Taiwan should take interpretations of will formalities in the U.S. and function theory as references. In addition, this thesis suggests adopting the rule of harmless errors to replace the transforming method.

參考文獻


李其陸 (2015)。《法律行為解釋之理論與實務--以契約之解釋為中心》,國立臺灣大學碩士論文(未出版),台北。
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黃詩淳(2014)。〈涉訟榮民遺囑之特徵與法律問題〉,《臺灣大學法學論叢》,43卷3期,頁587-639。
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