- 學位論文
具健康照護產業與環境汙染之經濟體的福利分析
Health Care, Pollution, and Welfare Analysis
摘要
本文建構了一個兩部門的疊代模型來分析環境汙染對長期經濟成長和福利的影響，其中污染是經濟活動的外部成本，其提高老年人罹患疾病的風險。模型中因汙染而罹病的老人可透過一個勞力密集型的健康照護部門購買醫療服務以恢復污染對健康造成的損害。當健康風險相對高時，我們發現人們會透過增加預防性儲蓄以支應老年時期可能的醫療保健支出，然而增加的資本投入經濟活動產生更多的污染，進一步提升健康風險及健康照護部門的勞動份額，此就業結構的變化降低資本報酬但提高了工資率和健康照護服務的價格。這種機制可能會導致生活在高污染國家的人們面臨高罹病率卻消費較少的照護服務，以至於長期福利水準低於低汙染的國家。為了解決市場經濟內的不效率性，我們引入了醫療補助和污染稅兩項政策並比較它們對經濟體的長期效果。補貼政策可透過減少資本累積以減輕污染外部性，在一定的補貼率下也提高長期福利，而課稅政策會促使經濟體累積更多的資本和污染，彼此會對終生效用產生相反的效果使得福利水準與稅率呈倒U形的關係。
並列摘要
This study constructs a two-sector, overlapping-generations model in which pollution externality induces morbidity for the old to analyze the effects of pollution on long-term economic growth and welfare. In the model, the ill elderly can purchase medical services through a labor-intensive healthcare sector to restore the health damage caused by pollution. When the health risk is relatively high, we find that agents will increase precautionary savings to cover the anticipated healthcare expenditure in old age. However, the increased capital investment promotes economic activities and then generates more pollution, further raising health risks and the labor share in the healthcare sector. This change in employment structure reduces the capital returns but raises the wage rate and the price of healthcare services. Such a mechanism may cause people living in a high-polluting country to face high morbidity but consume fewer care services, resulting in lower long-term welfare. As measures to mitigate the inefficiencies, we introduce two policies, subsidy of healthcare and pollution tax, to the market economy. The subsidy scheme can increase long-term welfare under an adequate subsidy rate and reduce pollution externality by lowering capital accumulation. The tax policy induces the economy to accumulate more capital and pollution. Their opposite effects on lifetime utilities lead to an inverted U-shaped relationship between welfare and tax rate.
參考文獻
延伸閱讀
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