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  • 學位論文

1,4-二氧陸圜空氣採樣分析方法建立與台灣職業暴露初探

Determinations of Airborne 1,4-Dioxane in Occupational Settings in Taiwan

指導教授 : 蔡詩偉

摘要


1.4-二氧陸圜(1,4-dioxane)是一個被廣泛使用的化學物質;而近年來,美國環保署將其列為新興污染物。1.4-二氧陸圜可能散布於大氣、水、土壤中;在工業上,其可能用途包括: 纖維素及有機物之溶劑、塗料及清漆去除劑、紡織加工、染料盆、污點、印刷排字之潤濕劑及分散劑、清潔劑之製造、水泥、除臭劑、煙燻劑、乳化劑、光澤劑、含氯溶劑之安定劑、閃爍計數器、合成酸性染料、及合成原料藥等。 1,4-二氧陸圜的主要暴露途徑包括:吸入、食入及皮膚接觸。1,4-二氧陸圜暴露可能的健康危害包括:肝毒性、腎臟毒性、眼睛及呼吸道刺激等。此外,致癌性部份,美國政府工業師聯會American Conference of Governmental Hygienist (ACGIH)列為A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans)、美國環保署U.S Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA) 列為Group B2 (probable human carcinogen)、美國國家職業安全與衛生研究所The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 則列為potential occupational carcinogen。 在台灣,雖然1,4-二氧陸圜在2010年起已被禁用於化妝品之中,但歷年來國內二氧陸圜被大量地使用;而目前並無法清楚掌握主要暴露族群,同時亦不瞭解員工可能的暴露濃度與健康風險。 綜合上述,為評估國內二氧陸圜職業暴露的可能健康風險,本研究首先蒐集國內外1,4-二氧陸圜健康危害相關資訊。另外,本研究亦利用活性碳管搭配採樣幫浦建立1,4二氧陸圜、四氫呋喃、三氯乙烯及四氯乙烯等混存有機物的主動式空氣採樣方法;至於樣本分析,則利用CS2進行溶劑脫附後,藉由GC-FID或GC/MS分析。 本研究發現,以100mL/min採樣60min,可有效同步偵測濃度範圍介於0.5~2倍PEL的1,4二氧陸圜、四氫呋喃、三氯乙烯及四氯乙烯;在一般環境下,1,4二氧陸圜、四氫呋喃和四氯乙烯的調整後回收率約在90%到130之間,而三氯乙烯調整後回收率則是偏高。另外,濕度測試亦發現,在80%相對濕度時三氯乙烯的調整後回收率將明顯偏高,其他物質則不受影響。但至5倍PEL時(採樣體積為6L),則有破出發生。在16倍PEL時(採樣體積為6L),1,4二氧陸圜、三氯乙烯、四氫呋喃皆發生破出,只有四氯乙烯未達破出標準。 本研究應用所建立的方法,於兩家有申報運作的工廠進行空氣採樣(紡織業及合成纖維工廠);結果發現有四個點檢測出1,4-dioxane,而濃度為2.38~5.11ppm。 本研究建議未來應持續至包括:廢溶劑回收處理業、製藥生技產、塗料業或其他可能有二氧陸圜暴露的行業中進行空氣採樣與暴露評估,以保障相關工作者之健康;而由於1,4-dioxane具有自皮膚進入人體的可能,因此除了空氣採樣與分析外,建議未來亦可考慮建立生物偵測方法,以利評估更完整的暴露狀況。

並列摘要


1,4-Dioxane is a widespread chemical in our world. It has been considered as an emerging contaminant in these years, and it can be distributed into atmosphere, water and soil. In workplace, 1,4-dioxane is widely used in many manufacturing processes, such as stabilizer for chlorinated solvents, aircraft deicing fluids, dispersing agent in textile processes, polishing compounds, manufacturing detergents, varnishes and dyes. The primary routes of potential human exposure to 1,4-dioxane are inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. As for health effects, it may cause eye and nose irritation, even severe kidney and liver effects. It has been classified as a group 2B (possibly human) carcinogen by the IARC. In Taiwan, the use of 1,4-dioxane as cosmetics raw material has been banned since 2010. However, it is still widely used in many other manufactures while the information in the occupational settings is limited. Therefore, to assess the health risk associated with the use of 1,4-dioxane, this research has collected detailed information regarding the possible health effects due to the exposures of 1,4-dioxane. Besides, this research has also developed air sampling and analysis method for 1,4-dioxane with the co-exists of other organic compounds. By using charcoal tube coupled with sampling pump, it has been proved that chemicals including 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (TetraCE) can be collected simultaneously. After sampling, CS2 was used for the desorption, followed by the analysis with GC-FID or GC/MS. It was found that sampling at 100mL/min for 60min, 0.5, 1 and 2 folds PELs of 1,4-dioxane, TCE, and TetraCE can be collected and the collection efficiencies are around 90-130%. Besides, when the relative humidity was 80%, the collection efficiencies of 1,4-dioxane, THF and TetraCE were ranged 90% to 130% under 0.5x PEL and 1x PEL level and the recovery of TCE also raised significantly. However, for THF, breakthrough occurred when the concentration reached 5 folds of PEL. When the concentration reached 16 folds of PEL, breakthrough occurred for 1,4-dioxane, TCE, THF except TetraCE. Air sampling of 1,4-dioxane, THF, TCE, TetraCE was performed at two factories. The concentration of each sampling point at B factory ranged from 2.38ppm to 5.11 ppm.

參考文獻


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