政府採購制度中標價錯誤之研究

A Research on Bidding Price Mistake under Government Procurement System

陳彥志(Yen-Chih Chen)

指導教授 ： 陳自強

國立臺灣大學/法律學院/法律學研究所/碩士(2009年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2009.00382

摘要

於政府採購爭議案件之中，投標廠商提出之標價偏低之情形甚多，而導致標價偏低之原因有可能是因為廠商先行低價搶標，再與次低標廠商共謀，共同賺取最低標與次低標間之價差；但亦有可能是因為廠商在計算標價時，發生了錯誤，導致其標價偏低，惟我國政府採購制度並不允許廠商有主張標價錯誤救濟之權利，而係立於對招標機關有利之角度來規範處理方式，此是否代表招標機關即有絕對高權之地位，而可完全不考量投標廠商之利益？

本文從政府採購法、比較法及民法三方面探討標價錯誤之救濟。以採購法之層面而言，我國採購法關於標價偏低之規定，並無法達到使投標廠商誠信履約之目的，亦完全忽視投標廠商之權益，且機關利用廠商之錯誤而獲得偏低價格之利益，機關似有違反誠信原則之嫌，故本文建議應增訂投標廠商得主張標價錯誤救濟之規定。

於比較法上，主要論述美國契約法及美國聯邦政府採購制度，以供我國政府採購制度作為借鏡。於美國契約法下，判例上即允許投標廠商有主張單方計算錯誤而撤銷契約，而美國聯邦採購制度主要之規定均係依循美國契約法而來，亦在一定要件下允許廠商於決標前可更正投標或撤銷投標；於決標後，亦可重新形成契約或撤銷契約。

從民法錯誤及締約上過失之觀點而言，當發生標價錯誤時，在一定要件下，廠商應可主張錯誤撤銷其投標之意思表示。此外，招標機關基於其資訊優越地位及廠商之給付與對價之不平衡，招標機關於開標過程中，對於明顯錯誤之發生應有告知廠商之附隨義務，以使廠商可以及早撤銷投標，亦可避免後續之契約爭議，若招標機關違反此附隨義務，即會構成締約上過失。

關鍵字

標價錯誤 ； 政府採購 ； 投標 ； 標價偏低 ； 差額保證金 ； 錯誤 ； 締約上過失 ； 美國聯邦採購規則 ； 美國契約法

並列摘要

Low bid is a commonly seen claim in government procurement disputes. In some circumstances, the lowest bidder withdraws the award in exchange for commission from the second lowest bidder. It is also possible that the low bid is due to mistakes of price calculation. Nevertheless, bidders are not permitted to claim bidding price mistake under Taiwanese government procurement regulations, and the system is in favor of the government. Does it mean that the officials are granted complete authority and the interests of bidders can be ignored？

This article discusses remedies of bidding price mistake from the standpoints of government procurement regulations, comparative law, and civil law. Under current Taiwanese Government Procurement Code, the regulations on unreasonable low bid not only prevent bidders from performing the contract in good will but also neglect bidders’ right. Furthermore, the government gains interest on the base of unreasonable low price, which seems to contradict the doctrine of good faith. Hence, this article advocates that remedies of bid mistake should be included in Government Procurement Code.

In respect to comparative law, I introduced the regulations under Common Law and Federal Acquisition Regulations as role models for Taiwanese government procurement system. Case law rule allows unilateral withdrawals of inadvertently erroneous bids from the bidder. U.S. federal procurement system, deriving from contracting law, permits bid correction or withdrawal before award and reformation or rescindment after award under certain circumstances.

From the standpoint of mistake and fault in contract-making in civil law, the bidder is permitted, under certain circumstances, to claim mistake and withdraw the bid in case of bid mistakes. In addition, the government should be obliged to inform bidders evident bid mistake, due to the unbalance of information disclosure. In the process of opening bid, an accompanying duty of informing bidder obvious mistake imposed on the government can avoid later disputes, and a breach of this duty will constitute pre-contract fault.

並列關鍵字

bid mistake ； bidding price ； government procurement ； low bid ； Federal Acquisition Regulations ； mistake

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