論日治時代戰爭期(1937~1945)龍瑛宗與周金波小說中的「死亡與消逝」

Death and disappearance in the fiction of Long Yingzong and Zhou Jinbo during the Japanese Colonial Era

嚴君珩(Chun-Hueng Yan)

指導教授 ： 柯慶明

國立臺灣大學/文學院/台灣文學研究所/碩士(2013年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2013.00804

摘要

龍瑛宗是1941年第一屆大東亞文學者大會台灣代表，周金波則是1943年第二屆大東亞文學者大會台灣代表，他們都曾經在大會上發表過相關戰爭與文學、日本帝國的言論；同時這些大環境因素使他們身上都帶有殖民戰爭動員文學、迫及自我生命的痕跡。本文將兩位作家並置，探究在周金波的後期作品〈氣候、信仰和宿疾〉、〈鄉愁〉、〈無題〉和龍瑛宗的小說裡所流露出，以作家之眼注視著一切發生卻無能為力的傷懷情緒。兩者作品同時都產生一種難以違抗的「命運」感，一種只能隨環境變動、命運擺盪的被動與茫然若失，象徵感知了臺灣人的鄉土在殖民統治下行將滅亡的哀歌，以及從中顯現的「死亡」與「消逝」主題。

本文前半部從龍瑛宗、周金波共同經歷的皇民化運動背景、戰爭期時局、文壇活動以及文學思潮來著手梳理，理解作品產生的歷史性脈絡。首先日本的殖民政策是透過教育、社會制度、神道教推行意圖以日本的傳統文化與信仰，完全取代掉台灣傳統習俗；同時，皇民化運動借由「文明性殖民政策」混同了近代化、現代化的概念意識，使「同化」和「啟蒙」在殖民教育中化約為一，但事實上皇民化教育中卻隱藏著和「近代化」觀念相抵觸的宗教活動，展現出的是包裹在現代化糖衣下的帝國主義活動。這些背景同時指向龍瑛宗和周金波的創作命題之一，兩人的小說都顯現了作家對殖民地臺灣面臨這些政策命運時所產生的疑問。龍瑛宗以無數死者串連出臺灣青年在殖民地現實中無從自我實現的絕望虛無和死亡敗北；周金波則力圖在持續的創作中辯認出皇民化和近代化的混同與差異，同時也從認定皇民化等於近代化的初期，演變為感知到台灣的鄉土習俗即將被日本文化趕盡殺絕的哀傷。

本文後半部處理兩位作家相異的生長背景，看見龍瑛宗清貧的原生背景，使他必須在臺灣面對苛刻的現實環境奮鬥，這也使得他筆下臺灣青年角色有別於周金波筆下留學歸台菁英階層的「領導意識」，而多為困坐愁城、因台灣現實而無力的小知識分子。而從共同的社會背景而論，進入文壇均一被抹上戰時色彩的時刻，兩位作家也都順應國策文學，描繪了「臺灣人必須做為日本人而死」的終結。同時他們在文本表面謳歌為日本犧牲的偉大，內部則揭露了當中殖民政策動員臺灣青年生命的空虛與諷刺。由此觀點來看，龍瑛宗和周金波相同的書寫出了殖民地臺灣的真相，即台灣亡者只是日本帝國主義戰爭裡華麗而空虛、偉大又渺小的祭品與犧牲者。

關鍵字

龍瑛宗 ； 周金波 ； 死亡 ； 消逝 ； 國策文學

並列摘要

Long Yingtai was a Taiwanese representative at the first Greater East Asia Literary Conference in 1941, Zhou Jinbo was the Taiwanese representative at the second. At these conferences they published papers concerning the themes of war and literature as well as the rhetoric of Japanese imperialism; the times in which they lived left them deeply ingrained in the imperial mobilization effort for the Pacific war, and in the idea of risking their own lives. This essay sets out to compare these two authors, exploring their impotence and dejection as they looked on at everything that happened, particularly in Zhou Jinbo’s later works, such as ‘Climate, faith and sickness’ (Qihou, xinyang he suji), ‘Homesickness’ (Xiangchou), and ‘Untitled’ (Wuti) and in Long Yingzong’s novels. Their work is filled with an irrevocable sense of fate, a sense of passive loss thrust upon them by the hand of fate and the changing times, which lends it the tone of a funeral dirge for the impending destruction of the Taiwanese folk and their land under the colonial regime. The themes of ‘death’ and ‘disappearance’ appear prominently in the work of both writers.
The first part of this thesis starts by exploring the context of the works of Long Yingzong and Zhou Jinbo, including their experience of the Kominka movement, the war, literary events and literary movements that contributed to the production of their work. Firstly, Japanese imperial policies harnessed education, social structures and Shinto religious beliefs to promote traditional Japanese culture and beliefs, completely replacing Taiwanese customs; at the same time, the Kominka movement combined ‘assimilation’ with ‘enlightenment’ in their civilizing imperialist policies under the guise of modernization, in fact the Kominka education policies had hidden religious aspects to them which put them in conflict with ‘modernization’. The works of both Long Yingzong and Zhou Jinbo reflect their preoccupations and doubts about the policies that colonial Taiwan was faced with. Long Yingzong uses countless dead to represent the hopelessness and emptiness that young Taiwanese people felt in their pointless deaths under the reality of the colonial regime; Zhou Jinbo, in his work, tirelessly attempted to differentiate between modernization and the Kominka movement, and how they had been fused under the colonial regime, at the same time he recognized that as Kominka was perceived to be the same as modernization, this would be the sorrowful end to Taiwanese folkways and customs, chased out by Japanese culture.
The second part deals with how the differences in the authors’ backgrounds affected their writing. Long Yingzong’s poverty-stricken background, meant that he was helpless but to confront the harsh and turbulent reality with which Taiwan was faced, it also meant that the outlook of the young Taiwanese characters he created was very different from the ‘leadership’ mentality held by the young elite returning from study abroad that feature heavily in Zhou Jinbo’s work, rather reflecting the frustration and impotence of the non-elite Taiwanese intellectual class. However, from the perspective of that which they shared in terms of background, a time in which literature had been tainted by the hues of war, the two authors were ostensibly in line with colonial policy, forwarding the trope in which the Taiwanese should die as Japanese. At the same time as they were eulogizing the greatness of sacrificing oneself for Japan, their work also satirizes the meaninglessness of the imperial mobilization of young Taiwanese for the cause. From this perspective, Long Yingzong and Zhou Jinbo both wrote about the reality of colonial Taiwan, that Taiwanese dead were just sacrificial lambs in the Japanese imperial war, their acts of sacrifice seen in turns as both heroic and hollow, as both grand and trivial.

並列關鍵字

Long Yingzong ； Zhou Jinbo ； death ； disappearance ； Kominka literature

參考文獻

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