- 學位論文
台北東本願寺「印度風格佛寺」建築考論
On the Taihoku Higashi Honganji (Taipei Branch of Shinshū Ōtani-ha, 1936) as an Indian-style Buddhist Temple
摘要
1936年落成的台北東本願寺（真宗大谷派本願寺台北別院）是一座被指為「印度風格佛寺」之特殊樣式的建築。過去研究因遺跡的消滅、史料的缺失而受限。本研究以台北大谷青年會《ひかり》雜誌中所見史料為契機，考證台北東本願寺以新樣式重建的背景與經過。隨後分析台北東本願寺的建築形式和空間含義，線索有二：其一是將台北東本願寺置於亞洲（上海、東京、台北、大連）同時期印度風格佛寺之系譜，追溯佛寺風格印度化之主張，分析印度風格的具體表現。其二是在形式風格的分析之上，關注佛寺之為信仰空間的實現方式，分析外部立足點傳達宗教氛圍的空間要件，以及內部平面構成反映的僧眾秩序。最後討論社會環境中「印度風格佛寺」的意義指向。 研究發現：（1）工事主任、松井組武知幸文在本堂復興工事中扮演關鍵角色。武知幸文是關東大地震之後成長起來的、關心鋼筋混凝土建材及防災構造的青年建築師。其人原是築地本願寺建築設計相關者之一，在築地本願寺竣工後來到台灣，負有台北東本願寺工事之全責，完工後留在台灣成為總督府技師。武知幸文明確表示台北東本願寺與築地本願寺樣式相同，且以築地本願寺為成功案例說服僧眾接受新樣式，可證實學界對於台北、東京二寺的關聯性推測。 （2）《臺灣建築會誌》所載台北東本願寺之樣式名稱「中古印度佛教式」或屬誤植，推測是工事者對築地本願寺樣式「古代中印度佛教式」不理解而造成。築地本願寺樣式基礎脫胎自古代印度佛教之岩窟寺院（Nasik Caves第18窟支提窟，伊東忠太筆記為第17窟，公元前1世紀），並攝取亞洲之印度文化圈的其它樣式而成。構成台北東本願寺特色的穹頂與中古印度無關，且中古時印度佛教衰微，應不存在「中古印度佛教式」。 （3）台北東本願寺的本堂內部由僧侶支配的「柵內」部分中段向外陣凸出、佔據平面正中心，形成自己的特色。較築地本願寺壓縮「柵內」、本堂內部更接近公共集會所的性質，可以看出台北東本願寺之僧侶階層在僧眾/神人關係中的中心地位。新建築營造過程中，東本願寺僧侶為維護本宗派之門面尊嚴，渴望「本島首屈一指」的大伽藍，是印度風格佛寺在台灣實現的重要推力。
並列摘要
Inaugurated in 1936, the Taihoku Higashi Honganji Temple (Taipei Branch of Shinshū Ōtani-ha) is unique in Taiwan as an “Indian-style Buddhist temple”. Past research was limited by disappearance of relics and lack of materials. This study uses articles found in Hikari (“Light”), a publication founded by Youth Association of Shinshū Ōtani-ha in Taipei, to review the reconstruction of the temple in this special new style. It then analyses the architectural forms and spatial meanings, with two clues following: Firstly, it places the Taipei one in the context of a series of Indian-style Buddhist temples in Asia (Shanghai, Tokyo, Taipei and Dalian), traces the main idea of the Indian-style design of Buddhist temple, and examines how Indian is expressed in architectural forms. The second clue focuses on the ways in which a Buddhist temple is realised as spaces of faith. The study analyses how the religious atmosphere was created outside the building, as well as the order of monks and devotees reflected in the plan inside the main hall. In the end, the significance of “Indian-style Buddhist temples” in social contexts is discussed. The study has found that: (1) Director Takechi Yukifumi assigned by Matsui Group played a key role in the construction work of the Taihoku Higashi Honganji Temple. His past experiences and explanation of the temple confirm the connection between the two temples in Taipei and in Tokyo as scholars have speculated. (2) "Medieval Indian Buddhist Style”（中古印度佛教式）, the name of style stated in Taiwan Architectural Association Journal of Taihoku Higashi Honganji Temple, may be a mistake, presumably due to incomprehension of the "Ancient Indian Buddhist Style"（古代中印度佛教式）of Tsukiji Hongwanji Temple designed by Itō Chūta. (3) With the middle section of the “Fence” (line of forbidden area dominated by monks) projecting outwards and occupying the centre of the interior plan, Taihoku Higashi Honganji Temple formed a distinctive feature of its own. Compared to the compressed “Fence” of Tsukiji Hongwanji Temple which makes its hall closer to a public space, the interior of Taihoku Higashi Honganji Temple shows the centrality of the monks in the relationship between Amitabha Buddha and Men.