捷運系統社會與環境永續策略之研究

Strategy of Social and Environmental Sustainability for Mass Rapid Transit System

李冠霆(Kuan-Ting Li)

指導教授 ： 張學孔

國立臺灣大學/工學院/土木工程學研究所/碩士(2007年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2007.00526

摘要

都市大眾運輸系統建置具有多種選擇，包括重運量軌道捷運系統（Rail Rapid Transit）、輕軌捷運系統（Light Rail Rapid Transit）、公車捷運系統(Bus Rapid Transit)、以及傳統公共汽車等形式。然而，各開發中國家都市大眾運輸的發展偏向基礎設施經費龐大的軌道捷運系統，如此需要較長建設時程以及龐大興建與維護成本，一方面無法因應急速城市化與機動化所需之大眾運輸服務，另一方面則帶來社會公平與經濟財務永續性之疑慮。軌道捷運系統的發展希望帶來的是可以滿足各階層民眾在基本行的需求，在捷運票價因財務因素使得調整幅度上受限，對於一般民眾實為一沈重的負擔，而合理降低捷運票價可視為降低民眾負擔能力及提高社會永續提高的一個重要政策之一；然而，如何能兼顧社會永續之公平性與財務永續，實為重要課題。本研究針對以軌道捷運為主之大眾運輸政策，探討整體社會永續與環境永續的意涵。研究中利用經濟學中社會福利與旅次總成本理論，分別分析效率與公平課題，並探討大眾運輸政策所引發社會整體效率與公平間的權衡關係，期能避免追求社會永續及公平的同時而忽略了社會整體效率。此外，本研究在社會永續的前提下分析二氧化碳排放與能源消耗相關課題。實證分析中，本研究分析台北捷運系統調低票價的額度對各所得階層民眾負擔能力的變化，進而討論社會福利與旅次總成本的變化，瞭解捷運系統票價降低的額度在各年期所顯現的公平與效率的意涵；同時，對於私人機動運具實施課稅以及應用BRT提供大眾運輸服務所產生之影響，亦進行實證分析。基於實證分析成果，本研究建議政策上應配合此降低票價政策，針對對汽、機車課稅，一方面可達到大眾運輸政策中「推」與「拉」之效果，一方面亦確保軌道捷運發展之財務永續性。本研究亦建議公車捷運系統在建置成本低與時程快的優勢下，在公平與效率的績效可較軌道捷運系統提早達到相同之效果。

關鍵字

軌道捷運系統 ； 社會公平 ； 永續發展 ； 旅次總成本 ； 大眾運輸

並列摘要

The mass rapid transit is considered a well method to release the urban traffic congestion. There are many transit modes can be chosen for urban development like rail system, bus rapid transit or bus system. But many developing countries chose the rail system with a enormous infrastructure cost. Passengers do not afford the infrastructure cost of Taipei Mass Rapid Transit), because the infrastructure cost of expanding route should be self-contained and stride forward to economic sustainable objective. In order to keep the basic right of transport for all classes of citizens, we should pay more attention on that the fare of transportation will become heavy burden for those low income people who are low affordability.
This research analyzed that the relationship between reducing the MRT fare and changing of affordability of low-income people. It used the social welfare and full trip cost to judge the fairness and efficiency. The concept in this research of social welfare means the efficiency of various trips in the urban and full trip cost is one of the measures for the quantitative analysis. This research is based on these two measures to trade off the efficiency and fairness in result of public transportation policies. In recent years, the publics pay more and more attention to the global warming and climate change issues. The public transportation system is considered an effective method to release the pollution and make the environment sustainable. Relative research appeared that public transportation policy could reduce the carbon dioxide and fuel consumption to keep the environment sustainable. Although social welfare would increase if policy maker only decreased the MRT fare, but the mode split didn’t transfer to public transportation obviously. It should continue carry out another policy to compensate the finance gap of MRT from levying the tax from the users of automobile and motorcycle. In this double efficient policy, social welfare full trip costs will both decreased, but in 2031 the completed route of MRT will bring the increment of social welfare. Because the BRT system has the advantage about lower infrastructure cost and shorter construction period, it will make the performance of social welfare and full trip cost much better.

並列關鍵字

Mass Rapid Transit ； Social Sustainability ； Environment Sustainability ； full trip cost ； Public Transportation Policy

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