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  • 學位論文

3D IC應用中鎳基材與無鉛銲料之界面反應

Interfacial Reaction between Ni Substrate and Lead Free Solder for 3D IC Application

指導教授 : 高振宏
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摘要


由於電子元件尺寸不斷減小,功能卻不斷提升,封裝技術也必須不斷進步,近年來隨著 3D IC 的發展,封裝所需要的銲料體積變的非常微小,在正常工作條件下,介金屬在銲料中的比例將大幅增加,促使我們去討論在如此小體積下對銲點的影響。 在無鉛銲料中大多仍是使用高 Sn 銲料,Sn 與基材間的反應幾乎主宰了銲點中介金屬的生長,本實驗在 10μm 尺度下以純 Sn 與常用表面處理層 Ni 進行界面反應的研究,在固液反應下,Ni3Sn4的形貌一開始為細針狀,後來則為稜柱狀。界面中的 Sn 約需要 90 分鐘才能完全轉換成 Ni3Sn4,且當銲料完全轉換成 Ni3Sn4 後,界面是呈現多晶 Ni3Sn4 的分佈。在固態反應下,Ni/Sn 界面長出Ni3Sn4,當反應到界面上的純 Sn 耗盡時,會看到孔洞殘留在界面上,孔洞生成的原因和介金屬形貌、反應前後體積收縮及 Ni/Sn 間擴散特性有關。在 10μm 尺度下的固液反應與固態時效,成長的速率與過去大銲點中的 Ni/Sn 反應相比,並沒有很大的改變。 Ni/Au 層是很常用的表面處理層,然而過厚的 Au 層可能會引發金脆問題。在固態反應溫度下,當體積縮小到 10μm 的尺度,界面上能容許的 Au 濃度在 0.8wt% 到 1.3wt% 之間,相當於 30nm 到 50nm 的 Au 層厚度,超過此範圍之 Au 層厚度就有機會在使用過程中形成過長的Ni3Sn4 /(Au1-x, Nix)Sn4的連續層,可能引發過去所說的金脆問題。另外在此微小尺度下,添加 0.5wt% Cu 之Sn-3.9Au-0.5Cu銲料,在時效過程中,仍會形成(Ni, Cu)3Sn4 /(Au1-x, Nix)Sn4連續層,已沒有辦法抑制金脆效應的發生,必須使用更高的 Cu 濃度、更低的 Au 濃度或者使用不對稱 Cu/Solder/Ni 結構,才有機會在小尺度下以 Cu 防止金脆問題。

關鍵字

3D IC 介金屬化合物 動力學 金脆

並列摘要


For 3D IC applications, solder volume reduction is a significant issue in the chip-to-chip micro bumping process. For the reason, solder joints can contain a large portion of the intermetallic compounds (IMCs). Many new issues must occur due to the reduction of solder volume; however, they are yet to be sufficiently revealed. This study aims to uncover effects caused by the miniaturization of solder volume on the Ni-Sn solid liquid reactions and solid state reactions. According to Ni/Sn(10μm)/Ni experimental results, the miniaturized solder volume has less impact on the species and growth rate of the IMCs. The grains are still polycrystalline at the interface after solder was totally consumed in solid liquid reaction. A number of voids were observed at the interface in solid state reaction, which were related with IMC characteristics, reaction volume shrinkage and diffusion characteristics. The gold embrittlement issue should be rediscussed under small solder volume condition. When the gold concentration reaches to 1.3wt%, continuous Ni3Sn4 /(Au1-x, Nix)Sn4 interface will be observed. However, Sn-1.3wt% Au just corresponds to 50nm thickness of Au in 10μm solder. Applying solder alloy of Sn-3.9Au-0.5Cu in Ni/Soldr/Ni, the continuous Ni3Sn4 /(Au1-x, Nix)Sn4 interface still observed. Thus, with the miniaturized solder volume to 10μm, the Au thickness should be thinner than 50nm, and Cu concentration should be higher . One of the choices is to use the asymmetric structure of Ni/solder/Cu, which can supply enough Cu to form (Cu, Au, Ni)6Sn5 and prevent continuous (Au1-x, Nix)Sn4 forming at the interface.

並列關鍵字

3D IC IMC kinetics gold embrittlement Ni

參考文獻


[1] Japan Jisso Technology roadmap, 2001
[2] H. Y. Chuang, Doctoral Dissertation, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, 2011
[3] P. Kettner, B. Kim, S. Pargfrieder and S. Zhu, New Technologies for Advanced High Density 3D Packaging by Using TSV Process, 2008 International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology & High Density Packaging, 2008.
[4] S. W. Yoon, 3D Integration with TSV Technology, SEMICON Singapore, 2008.
[10] A. Rahn (ed.), The Basics of Soldering, John Wiely & Sons, New York, 1993.

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