性別、勞動及參與治理－比較幼托公共化政策

Gender, Labor and Participatory Governance: Comparing Two Policy Programs on Child Care and Education

呂佳旻(Chia-Min Lu)

指導教授 ： 黃長玲

國立臺灣大學/社會科學院/政治學研究所/碩士(2013年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2013.01290

摘要

台灣教保場域持續呈現價格過高、品質不一及勞動條件不佳的情況，從歷史脈絡來看，跟該場域中女性勞動者缺乏參與研擬幼托政策高度相關。因此，國家建置民主參與機制，並開放女性教保勞動者參與政策研議，對於改善教保環境有其重要性。面對教保實作的複雜性及性別平權的目標，本研究主題探究在台灣社會對幼托公共化的訴求下，中央層級的幼托公共化政策能否為地方建置起民主治理機制，並進一步討論在民主治理機制中，女性教保勞動者如何能夠實質參與。
藉由深度訪談，本文分析比較兩個幼托公共化在制度設計的構想，以及在該制度中行動者的互動關係後發現：一方面，在中央政策規劃層級中，因為有開放具民主意識之公民團體代表參與制度規劃的治理平台，使得具有地方民主治理機制的政策計劃有產生的可能；另一方面，在地方民主治理制度下，女性教保勞動者進入實質參與治理的關鍵，則與該群體在組織培力的效果並提出具群體代表性的討論提案有關。這樣的結果意味著，當國家投注資源在教保服務的制度建構時，除了應建置民主參與治理機制外，如何進一步有效達成女性教保勞動者組織培力的目標，才是改善女性教保勞動者勞動處境，並解決教保服務環境品質的關鍵。

關鍵字

代表性 ； 公民參與 ； 幼托公共化 ； 性別 ； 勞動 ； 參與治理 ； 民主治理

並列摘要

The early childhood care and education sector in Taiwan has long suffered from high prices, uneven service quality, and poor working conditions. In historical context, this phenomenon is closely related to the lack of participation of female workers in the sector in the development of childcare policies. Therefore, in order to improve the childhood care and education environment in Taiwan, the state should develop democratic participation mechanisms and open up policy deliberation to female workers in the sector. This research is concerned with the complexity of childhood care and education provision and gender equality goals, and investigates whether, faced with societal demands to bring preschool education into the public sector, central government policy in this area has developed democratic governance mechanisms at the local level and how female workers in the sector can genuinely participate in these mechanisms.
Using in-depth interviews, this study compares two different institutional designs for public-sector preschools and the interaction between actors under the two different designs. The study finds that, on the hand, during the central government policy development process, as the institutional planning process and governance platform is open to representatives from civil society groups, policy planning allows for the possibility of democratic governance mechanisms at the local level. However, the key location for the participation of female workers in the sector lies in these local democratic governance mechanisms. For effective participation, organizations representing female workers in the sector must be empowered and able to represent the interests of the group as a whole. This implies that when state puts resources into the development of the early childhood care and education system, it should not only help establish democratic governance mechanisms but also empower labor organizations. Since better working conditions for female workers in the sector are closely related to better provision of early childhood care and education, these findings may be helpful for policy makers who try to achieve both.

並列關鍵字

representativeness ； citizen participation ； public preschools ； gender ； labor ； participatory governance ； democratic governance

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