日治時期同化政策對臺灣民間信仰的影響

The Influence of Japanese Assimilation Policy on Taiwanese Folk Beliefs

廖胤任(Yin-Ren Liao)

指導教授 ： 洪淑苓

國立臺灣大學/文學院/台灣文學研究所/碩士(2017年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201703282

摘要

本論文將焦點放在台灣民間信仰中本土文化色彩的建構，思考整個日治時期的同化政策，日本政府以各種制度針對台灣的民間信仰下了許多指導，但是這些針對性極強的政策與指導似乎未從讓台灣民間信仰因此銷聲匿跡，是以時至今日我們仍舊在日常生活中展演祭祀鬼神、迎神賽會、歲時節慶、生命禮俗等文化內容，本論文亟欲完成的，便是討論、建構這些習俗舊慣轉向、抵抗的過程，思考如何才能在經過異文化的同化政策後還保有大量過去的文化景觀，並且回應在現代社會中，傳統文化何以為繼。
從「同化政策」與「民間信仰」出發，採取的「同化政策」的廣義意義，將同化於民族、同化於文明兩條路線與宗教、信仰對應，得出「無論政策如何，大率無法規範台灣民間信仰」的結論。既不能規範，又如何改變？除了接續回應這個問題之外，更討論宗教信仰與社會、政治、文化如何作用，在宗教與社會學之間，確認宗教信仰無疑是社會性產物；而宗教與政治學之間，確認社會秩序的形成跟宗教之間的關聯；延伸至宗教與人類學，證明宗教信仰必然是屬於文化的，甚至更進一步將文化指向民族的形成。
其後分梳清領末期至日治末期官方對台灣民間信仰的態度與作為，確認清領時期台灣社會實際的樣子，進入日治時期初期，因為執政者對於宗教信仰還沒能有個明確方針、政策，所以所有民間信仰的活動大多都還是照常展演，西來庵事件之後，官方才真正展開對台灣習俗舊慣、民俗信仰進行系統性的調查，在內地延長主義時期，台灣掀起一陣民俗風慣紀錄的高潮，片岡巖、伊能嘉矩、鈴木清一郎等在台日人展現最大學術能量的，幾乎奠定了台灣習俗舊慣研究的基石，後總督府開始進行皇民化運動，卻意外照見台灣的反抗性格——《民俗台灣》開闢了一個給台灣知識份子重新思考文化議題的場域。此外，本論文亦從殖民地教育的脈絡，思考知識份子對民間信仰文化其他可能的立場，而這些立場之間如何揭示同一份民族文化情感。
最後以西川滿及台灣新文學小說為本，分神明信仰、節慶習俗、常民風慣三面向，皆與《民俗台灣》對讀，得出台灣人作為民間信仰的行為主體，其所展現出的文化能量與活性都並不如過去大家所認為的「處於受宰制的」地位，民間文化在面對越是強勢的官方敘述時所展現出的能動性、積極度也就越高，同樣的，從文獻資料中可以得知，即使政府的手介入了習俗舊慣之中，也只能擺弄祭典儀式的外在形式，民間信仰的自主性與能動性的決定權完全在民間。

關鍵字

民間信仰 ； 同化政策 ； 西川滿小說 ； 《民俗台灣》 ； 殖民地教育

並列摘要

This study investigated the local cultures of Taiwanese folk religions. By evoking two activities and their signifier and signified, “paper-money burning” and “incense burning”, we aimed to further think over what makes cultures in Taiwan “Taiwanese”? To be more specific, daily lives in Taiwan are greatly influenced by folk religions. If all activities of the folk religions are removed from daily lives, will these daily cultures still be representative of Taiwan? Thus, by looking into the policies of Japanese colonization, the Japanese government has imposed severe restrictions on the Taiwanese folk religions. However, these severe restrictions did not eradicate the Taiwanese folk religions. Instead, until now, we Taiwanese have lived a life vibrant with religious rituals, worships and festivals in daily routines. The current research aimed to explore the processes of the conflicts and shifts in Taiwanese customs and further propose the idea of how Taiwanese ancestors preserved our own cultures under the cultural assimilation policy of Japan.
Chapter one introduced assimilation policy of Japan and folk religions in Taiwan during period of Japanese colonization. Based on a broad sense of assimilation, we studied Old Manners and Customs Preservation and Kouminnka Movement as well. By mapping the assimilation of nationalism and modernization to religion and belief, we proposed that despite the policies, Taiwanese folk religions would not be restricted and changed. Following part continued to study why Taiwanese folk religions could be changed since they could not be restricted. For further discussion, the interaction among religion, society, politics, and culture was examined here as well. We displayed that religious beliefs appeared in the interaction between religion and society, that social order was established in the interaction between religion and politics and that religious beliefs belonged to culture in the interaction between religion and culture. We further claimed that the formation of nationality lay in culture.
Chapter two investigated the government’s attitudes and reaction towards the folk religions. The contemporary society in Qing Dynasty was described here in the beginning of this chapter. Then in the early period of the Japanese colonization, though Taiwan underwent great changes in every aspect, the Japanese government did not implement specific policies on restricting religions. Accordingly, the activities of folk religions remained vibrant. Not until Tapani Incident broke out did the government start the systematic investigation on Taiwanese customs and folk religions. In the period of viewing Taiwan as the extension of mainland, Temporary Taiwan Old Manners and Customs Survey Society supervised by the government was in charge of this investigation. The Japanese researchers in Taiwan, such as Kataoka Iwao, Inou Kanori and Suzuki Seiichiro, made great contributions to this field, establishing the foundation of investigating Taiwanese customs and folk religions. To better control Taiwanese for supplying series wars, the government enforced Kouminnka Movement, in which Taiwanese showed rebellion against Japan-“Minzoku Taiwan”, offered Taiwanese intellectuals a field to reflect on issues of culture, helping to keep Taiwanese cultures. One the other hand, now that education is one part of assimilation policy, what the position of those Taiwanese would be as they accepted colonial education.
Chapter four concluded Taiwanese people is the subject of folk religions based on the novel written by Nishikawa Mitsuru, along with religious beliefs, festivals & customs, and daily routines. These examinations were all in correspondence with “Minzoku Taiwan”. Taiwanese showed unexpectedly considerable vigor and flexibility in cultures under the reign of Japan. This showed that the minor culture (i.e. Taiwan) would show corresponding or even greater agency and positivity under the dominant one (i.e. Japan). Examining documentary and historical records, policies that the Japanese government implemented to interfere with the Taiwanese cultures was in vain. That Taiwanese cultures still remained autonomic and agent indicated what policies restrict were not internal thought but external behavior.

並列關鍵字

Taiwanese Folk Religions ； Assimilation Policies ； Fictions of Nishikawa Mitsuru ； “Minzoku Taiwan” ； Colonial Education

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