新興「後天下」共同體：(重新)想像中國與國際關係為了建構「後西方」和「後華」的國際關係理論

Emerging Post-Tianxia Communities – (re)imagining Chinese Identity and International Relations to construct both post-Western and post-Chinese IRT

谷巖杉(Raoul Bunskoek)

指導教授 ： 石之瑜

國立臺灣大學/社會科學院/政治學研究所/博士(2019年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201903656

摘要

本論文提出「後天下」作為「後西方」與「後中華」的國際關係理論。後天下採 取「關係」的本體論與知識論，從而指涉一種包羅萬象的分析理論，其間存在重疊與 平行的多種「道德秩序」，及各具獨特性的「實踐社區」。後天下理論主要針對國關 領域的「中國學派」，就其「天下」概念進行建設性批判，並特別討論儒家視角下的 天下，即萬物與「天子」之間的關係性。准此，後天下超越儒家脈絡下的天下概念， 主張萬物在不同的「道德秩序」之下，透過各自不同的(differently different)的關係 設想，根據在每種關係脈絡中所界定的道德秩序，必然形成後天下。後天下可以被定 義成「萬物都有關係的」狀態(all being related)。
同時，後天下強調「雙邊關係」的重要性，特別是「關係」在雙邊互動過程中的 實踐。後天下的分析屬於國際關係領域中的(東方)關係轉向與實踐轉向。其特色在 於集中分析如何在雙邊關係中，透過各種不同的設想與實踐，讓穩定的關係獲得維護。 後天下的分析是以雙邊關係的維護來解釋各國政策價值的前後不一，而國際關係理論 無法說明。後天下符合一種「關係均衡論」(Shih et al. 2019)，其主張行為者透過參 與、建立與維護各種雙邊關係網絡，來滿足對於「關係安全」的心理需要。據此，行 為者為了維持穩定關係會願意放棄當前的利益(亦即，自我克制)。不同於主流國關 理論把如此的行為看成違反理性，後天下則從維護關係的角度來說明自我克制的高度 理性。
後天下理論所答覆的主要困擾是，以中國之名行使的政策行為，對國際關係到底 是否在進行一種重新的構想，還是仍在複製既有的以權力及利益為核心的秩序。第二 章通過後殖民主義和後結構主義，批判以西方為中心的國際關係與「中國學派」，探 索以中國之名的行為有無重新構想國際關係的話語空間。第三章分析 1949-2019 年間 的中國外交話語，包括當代外交話語中的五個「里程碑」，即「和平共處」、「三個 世界理論」、「新國際秩序」、「和諧世界」與「人類命運共同體」。這五個里程碑 反映中國外交話語在實踐中給自己設定的關係構想。第四章分析中國「一帶一路」的 話語與實踐。最後，第五章提出後天下理論，並根據前面章節中的分析，指出某種後 天下實踐社區有其存在可能性。

關鍵字

天下 ； 一帶一路 ； 論述分析 ； 批判國際關係理論 ； 中國

並列摘要

This dissertation proposes post-Tianxia as both a post-Western as well as post-Chinese international relations theory (IRT). Post-Tianxia is an all-encompassing analytical theory adhering to a relational ontology and relationship epistemology that brings to light the existence of multiple, often overlapping and parallelly existing, moral orders, each with their own ‘community of practice’. It critically builds upon ‘Chinese School of IR’ theorizations on IR, particularly Confucian perceptions on the concept of Tianxia, which imagine all to be related to a ‘Son of Heaven’. Post-Tianxia adds to this that within different moral orders, all are imagined to be related in differently different ways, depending on who or what is perceived as morally superior in each context. Post-Tianxia can thus be defined as ‘all being related’.
Moreover, post-Tianxia theory emphasizes bilaterality, and more specifically how relations are practiced at the bilateral level. Accordingly, post-Tianxia joins both the (Eastern) relational and practice turns in IR. The advantage of focusing on bilaterality and practices is that post-Tianxia can explain seeming inconsistency. As such, post-Tianxia theory is in line with the Balance of Relationships theory (Shih et al. 2019), which argues that actors seek to establish and maintain (i.e. practice) a network of stable bilateral relationships –i.e. a balance of relationships – in order to satisfy the psychological need for ‘relational security’. Consequently, they are willing to sacrifice self-interests (i.e. self-restrain) to preserve relatedness, which, far from ‘inconsistent’, is in fact highly rational.
Post-Tianxia theory is the result of a journey delving into the question whether actors acting on behalf of China are reimagining or reproducing IR. The first stop on this journey (Chapter 2) critiques both Western-centric IR and the Chinese School of IR through postcolonialism and poststructuralism in order to find out what discursive space exists for Chinese actors to reimagine IR. The second stop (Chapter 3) uses discourse analyses of PRC political discourses over the 1949-2019 period to identify five ‘monuments’ in PRC political discourses, namely ‘Peaceful Coexistence’, ‘Three-Worlds Theory’, ‘New International Order’, ‘Harmonious World’, and the ‘Community of Common Destiny for Mankind’. The chapter argues that these discourses form the moral guidelines within which actors acting on behalf of China should operate (from Beijing’s perspective). The third stop (Chapter 4) analyses discourses and practices of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Finally, the fourth stop (Chapter 5) proposes post-Tianxia theory, and argues that the practices and discourses analysed in the earlier chapters illustrate the existence of one specific post-Tianxia community.

並列關鍵字

Tianxia ； Belt and Road Initiative ； discourse analysis ； critical IRT ； China

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