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  • 學位論文

對現代日語動詞「タ」形之考察 ─兼與「テイル」・「テシマウ」比較─

A study on the Meaning and Usage of “-TA” in Japanese verbs ―focusing on comparison with“-TEIRU”, “-TESHIMAU”―

指導教授 : 黃鴻信
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摘要


對現代日語動詞「タ」形之考察 ─兼與「テイル」・「テシマウ」比較─ 王芳佳 摘要 過去相關的研究中對於「タ」多從時態、體等方面來探討,然而至今對於其本質的意思為何,卻仍無定論。除了情態表現用法的「現在」外,到目前為止還無人認為「タ」可以表示「現在」。此外,同是表示「結果持續」的事態,「タ」和「テイル」的差異似乎不僅僅只是「過去」和「結果持續」的不同。另外,至今相關的研究裡,並無真正闡明同被認為可表示「完了」的「タ」與「テシマウ」的不同為何的論述。因此,本論文的目的在於對「タ」・ 「テイル」・「テシマウ」三者的語意特徵進行探討,並透過與「タ」的比較進而來辨明這三者的用法及差異。 在分析時,主要以句末的「タ」・「テイル」・「テシマウ」為考察對象。並從小說、雜誌等實際使用的自然語言裡來收集例句。在收集例句時,主要利用北京日本學研究中心出版的「中日對譯語料庫」的語料以及自己從文庫本、雜誌的小說中收集用例加以分析。 研究結果整理如下: 1. 「タ」的語意特徵為「動作.事態的實現」,「完結性」,「臨場感」。 2. 「タ」不但可以表示「過去」,還能表示「現在」。會話文中,「タ」與表變化的瞬間動詞、表人類心理生理的繼續動詞、表結果持續的動詞與動詞句、或是表示眼前發生的事態相結合時,可以表示發話時的情況,即「現在」。這與「タ」的語意特徵「臨場感」有關。 3. 「テイル」的語意特徵為「在某個時間帶裡持續存在的動作、影響、狀態,而這些持續存在的事態還具有可變性」,簡而言之即為「持續性」。 4. 「タ」與「テイル」最基本的差異在於視點的不同。同一個事態裡,「タ」表現事態在某個時點上發生、實現,但無法表現事態進行中的持續或是事態結束後殘存下來的結果持續。而「テイル」則無法表現事態何時發生、何時結束,只表現事態進行中的持續或是事態結束後殘存下來的結果的持續。 5. 「タ」與「テイル」基本上不能替換。但是,在有結果持續之意的事象裡,只要不會影響到事件發生的順序,並且合乎邏輯時,兩者可以互相替換。 6. 同樣表示「現在」的「タ」與「テイル」,兩者展現的語意內容是不同的。「テイル」所表現的「現在」是動作、事象持續到發話時的「現在」;而「タ」所表現的是把發話時的情況忠實呈現出來的「現在」。這樣的差異與兩者的語意特徵,取決於「タ」的「完結性」、「臨場感」、「テイル」的「持續性」之不同。 7. 「テシマウ」的語意特徵是「狀態的變化」,而不是過去研究中所認為的「完了」。 8. 「タ」與「テシマウ」不能替換。對於同樣客觀的事態,「タ」是把事態忠實地呈現出來;而「テシマウ」則是把事態產生的「狀態的變化」之意表現出來。 9. 藉著與「タ」的比較,也證明了「テシマウ」並無法表現出話者的感情。這是因為,話者感情是由上下文的文脈來決定的。

並列摘要


A study on the Meaning and Usage of “-TA” in Japanese verbs ―focusing on comparison with“-TEIRU”, “-TESHIMAU”― Wang, Fang-Chia Abstract -TA is usually evaluated from tense and aspect in related research. However, there is no unified view about the essential meaning of –TA in this body of research. Besides which, few recognize that –Ta contains the usage of the present except in regards to mood. In addition, the apparent difference between –Ta and –TEIRU in the same situation of continuation of result is not just “the past” and “the duration”. Moreover, the distinction between-TA and –TESHIMAU has not been clarified as both can express the meaning of the perfect. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find out the semantic features of -TA, -TEIRU, -TESHIMAU. The purpose of this study is also to clarify their usage and diversity by comparing them with –TA. The objects of this study focus on -TA, -TEIRU, -TESHIMAU forms of Japanese verbs,especially when they are in the sentence final position. In this study, examples are collected from the dialogue utilized by novels and magazines, and so forth. Most of them are taken from ‘the China-Japan translation data base” and “the pocket edition of Japan novels". The results of this study are summarized as following: 1. The semantic features of –TA are “the fulfillment of an event”, “the fulfillment at a point of time”, and a “vivid image”. 2. In conversation, -TA on the verb of variation, human beings’ psychology and physiology, or the result, can express not only “the past” but also “the present”. –Ta can not only express the past, it can also express the present. In a dialogue –Ta and verbs of time variation, verbs expressing the continuation of human psychological states, verbs or verbal phrases expressing the continuation of a result, or verbs expressing events witnessed and their times, can express the situation at the time of discourse, are also “the present.” This is related with “-Ta”s representation of a feeling “proximate to the situation”. 3. The semantic features of –TEIRU are the continuation of action, influence, state in a period, which are variable. To sum up, it is “the continuity”. 4. The fundamental diversity of –Ta and –TEIRU is the view-point. In the same situation, –Ta means that an event happens or is realized at a point of time, but can not express the continuation of that event or a result. In contrast, –TEIRU means the continuation of event or result but cannot express when the situation begins or ends. 5. –Ta and –TEIRU are not mutually interchangeable. However, when they occur in a situation expressing continuation they are logically interchangeable. 6. The implication of –Ta and –TEIRU in their expression of the present is different.. The present which –TEIRU stands for means that the event lasts until the point of utterance; in contrast, the present which –Ta stands for expresses a situation which continues to exist even as the sentence is spoken.. This difference is related to their semantic feature. 7. The semantic feature of –TESHIMAU is not perfect but the variation of state. 8. –Ta and –TESHIMAU are not mutually interchangeable. In the same situation, –Ta expresses the situation as it is, but –TESHIMAU expresses “the variation of state”. 9. Comparison with –Ta, it is demonstrated that –TESHIMAU has no function descriptive of “mood” because the representation of mood is dependent on the context.

參考文獻


鈴木重幸(1958)「日本語動詞のとき(テンス)とすがた(アスペクト)―∼シタと∼シテイタ―」『日本語動詞のアスペクト』むぎ書房
参考文献
(アルファベット順)
バーナード・コムリー(Comrie,Bernard)(1988)山田小枝訳『アスペクト』む
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