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  • 學位論文

士論與道理: 試由宋代士人政治之發展解釋理學的興起脈絡

An Interpretation of Confucianism in the Sung Dynasty from the Perspective of “Scholarly Politics”

指導教授 : 陳弱水
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摘要


本文的寫作目的,是想對士人政治這一歷史現象作考察,而研究方向乃在政教史的綜合。綜合政教兩面的觀察方式,必須首先假設政教合一的理想人間秩序確為士大夫階層的最高追求,則我們便可透過對此一階層的思想與行動之分析來解釋他們如何的去理解安排各色人等在其理想人間秩序中的合理位置,並在現實中又是如何將理論付諸實現的。是以本文首先針對傳統的士人政治所安排的社會藍圖作一概觀,從士的社會地位及產生選拔方式,以至於社會期望各點作分析。 唐宋兩代在時代上相連而在發展方向上卻有許多值得注意的對比,士人政治觀念的相異便是其中之一。本文議論雖橫跨唐宋數百年,其實要端始終如一,均在考察士人領袖對理想人間秩序的認知與實踐。 本文標題除了士論與道理之外,就是理學。但其實主要的篇幅不會花在理學本身上面,而更多處理北宋的政教。此源於本文認為當我們用人間理想秩序重建這一尺度來觀察宋代儒學,便會發現最後出也最具體系規模於此者,即是由朱子集其大成的理學。就本文的觀點論,便在於理學對孔門道理提出了唯一且絕對的天理假設,並試著依此假設而去理解萬事萬物在世界上各自不同的存在方式並賦與其整體一種意義。如此一來政教合一的理想人間秩序在理論上的完備便跨出了一大步。理學並不一定是最後或者最好的答案,但它確實試著為至少有宋一代的儒學發展提供總結。

關鍵字

士人政治 士論 王安石 歐陽修 司馬光 朱熹 北宋政治

並列摘要


This thesis is aimed to peruse the historical phenomenon of Scholarly politics, combining political and philosophical history research. First, we need to establish that the scholar class’ utmost pursuit is to establish an ideal this-worldly order, which means harmonious between politics and Confucianism; then, by analyzing their ideas and actions, we can explain the way they perceive different people’s different place in this ideal this-worldly order and how they put it into practice. This thesis will survey the social map constructed by the traditional Scholarly politics, that is, the social status of scholar, the standard of selection, and the society’s expectation on them, etc. This thesis will spent more time on discussing the political and Confucianism activities in North Song dynasty than on Neo-Confucianism, because Neo-Confucianism was indeed trying to summarize Confucianism’s development in Song dynasty, successful or not. Since Neo-Confucianism believed in the existence of absolute truth and tried to perceive the world as a meaningful whole, it provided theoretical base for the ideal order in Scholarly politics; when we see Confucianism in Song dynasty as the rebuilding of an ideal order, we’ll find the Neo-Confucianism as the last and most systematically complete theory in the development of Confucianism in Song dynasty.

參考文獻


朱 熹,《朱子文集》,台北:財團法人德富文教基金會,2000。
杜正勝,《編戶齊民—傳統政治社會結構之形成》,台北:聯經,1990。
楊聯陞,《國史探微》,台北,聯經,1983。
毛漢光,《中國中古社會史論》,台北,聯經,1990。
朱開宇,《科舉社會地域秩序與宗族發展——宋明間的徽州,1100-1644》,臺北:國立臺灣大學出版委員會,2004。

被引用紀錄


李艷芬(2012)。宋代前期「共治天下」概念的形成與內涵〔碩士論文,國立臺灣大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2012.10853

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