從印尼到馬來亞「最近的道路」：馬來亞共產黨建黨背景及其歷史意義

作為上世紀國際共產革命陣營的成員之一，馬來亞共產黨（以下簡稱馬共）可說是一個特殊的存在，這個特殊主要體現在它的成員組成上。自1930年成立伊始，馬共的成員就幾乎由當地華僑所組成，且一直持續到1989年與馬來西亞政府達成停火協議為止。儘管馬共在宣傳上一直強調自身跨族群的特性，日後也吸納了不少非華裔黨員，但以華裔為主的現象始終未曾改變。這既影響了馬共的革命方針與鬥爭策略，日後也影響了馬來（西）亞的政治發展與族群關係。另一方面，作為馬來亞主流族群的馬來人對共產主義的態度顯得消極得多。儘管在1920年代曾有少部份人士在印尼共產黨（以下簡稱印共）宣傳下接受了共產主義，日後也陸續有馬來人加入馬共，但共產主義在馬來社會始終未能掀起太大波瀾。相對而言，與馬來亞隔海相望的印尼，則在荷蘭籍共產革命家馬林（Henk Sneevliet，1883–1942）的努力下，不僅成立了共產主義組織東印度社會民主聯盟（以下簡稱社民聯盟），更通過打入當地民族主義組織──伊斯蘭聯盟，利用其資源發展的策略，順利將社民聯盟發展起來，為其日後改組為印尼共產黨打下基礎。印共成立後聲勢甚大，甚至於1926年杪發動了第一次大暴動，雖然大暴動經時不久即被鎮壓，但也顯示了印尼共產革命的浩大聲勢。印尼與馬來亞同屬一文化圈，風俗習慣亦相去不遠，但對共產主義的態度卻截然不同。之所以如此，與它們被殖民的經歷離不開關係。馬印兩地分別為英國與荷蘭的殖民地，由於英荷兩國殖民的過程不同，擴張手段與治理模式也有差異，使兩地的政治與社會發展逐漸走向分歧，連帶也影響了兩地人民對共產主義的態度。由於宣傳革命，馬林於1918年被驅逐出境，翌年以荷屬東印度代表的身份參與共產國際第二次代表大會。作為唯一具殖民地工作經驗的代表，馬林被選入大會「民族與殖民地工作委員會」書記，參與了大會〈民族與殖民地綱領〉的起草工作，該綱領後來獲得通過，對此後共產國際在亞洲的革命工作有深遠影響。會後馬林又遠赴中國，在輔導中國共產黨（以下簡稱中共）的同時，也將其印尼經驗照辦煮碗地實施於中國。而這一計畫的成果，便是影響及於今日中國甚鉅的國共第一次合作。然而就連馬林也未必意識到的是，國共第一次合作影響所及，竟將馬來亞也捲入其中，使共產主義開始在馬來亞華僑社群間傳播。在不同的歷史脈絡作用下，當地華僑對共產革命的熱情遠較馬來人為高，使他們逐漸取得馬來亞共產革命的話語權。由是觀之，為時一甲子的馬共革命可謂一被「越俎代庖」的革命。本文從全球史的角度出發，試圖探討何以應由印共推動馬來人進行的馬共革命，最後會是由其催生者繞了遠路，在促成中共壯大的同時也使馬共革命成為中共推動馬來亞華僑進行的一場「非典型」共產革命。

關鍵字

馬來亞共產黨；印尼共產黨；馬林；共產主義；華僑

並列摘要

Malayan Communist Party (MCP), established in 1930, was a special case in the 20th-century international communist movement. As the leading power of Malayan Communist Movement, MCP is led by Malayan Chinese since its establishment and never changed until 1989. Although MCP always emphasized that it was a cross-racial party, they still fail on taking in more non-Chinese. The influence of this speciality not only showed in the revolution of MCP, but also in the political development and ethnic relations in Malaysia. On the other hand, the Malays, the main ethnic group of Malaya, are not interested in communist movement. Although there is some Malays received communism under the propaganda of Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) during 1920s, most of them were still not keen on revolution. In contrast, the flames of revolution in Indonesia, opposite of Malaya, was started by Henk Sneevliet, a Dutch communist revolutionary. He arrived in Jawa on 1913 then established ISDV, the predecessor of PKI on the following year. For strengthen ISDV, Sneevliet took ISDV into Islamic Union (Sarekat Islam, SI). It was so effective that ISDV grew up rapidly in few years and reorganized as PKI in 1920s then launched an uprising on the end of 1926. Uprising was put down in few months, but it showed the zeal of Indonesians on communist revolution. The different response between Malays and Indonesians on communism is the result of the different colonial policy by their metropolis. In order to agitate for communism in Jawa, Sneevliet was deported by colonial government. After arriving in Holland on 1919, Sneevliet went to Moscow for The Second Congress of Comintern on the next summer. As the only delegate experienced on revolutionary affairs in colony, Sneevliet’s view on Oriental Revolution was received and later carried out. Under the new policy, Sneevliet visited China after the Congress and successfully built a united front between Kuomintang (KMT) and Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The united front not only grew CCP up in few years, but also disseminate the communism to the overseas Chinese community especially Malaya. Although there’s also some PKI leaders arrived at Malaya after the 1926 Revolution, they didn’t get a result as well as CCP. As a result, Chinese acquired the major leadership of Malayan Communist Revolution while Malays became a minor.

並列關鍵字

Malayan Communist Party (MCP) ； Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) ； Henk Sneevliet ； Communism ； Overseas Chinese

參考文獻

3. Nor Asiah Mohamad and Bashiran Begum Mubarak Ali, “The Prospects and Challenges of Malay Reservation Land in the 21st Century”, Malaysian Journal of Real Estate 4:2 (2009), 1–16.

3. Lamry, Mohamed Salleh. Gerakan Kiri Melayu dalam Perjuangan Kemerdekaan. Bangi, Selangor, UKM, 2006.

5. Mishra, Pankaj. From the Ruins of Empire: The Revolt Against the West and the Remaking of Asia. New York: Allen Lane, 2012.

6. Murfett, Malcolm H. et al., Between Two Oceans: A Military History of Singapore from 1275–1971, 2nd edition. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish, 2011.

9. Yong, Chin Fatt, and R.B. McKenna, The Kuomintang Movement in British Malaya. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1990.

國際替代計量

從印尼到馬來亞「最近的道路」：馬來亞共產黨建黨背景及其歷史意義

全文下載

主題瀏覽