抗癌藥物與管制藥物於水體環境中光降解轉換之研究

近年來，由於藥物與新興污染物會殘留於自然水體中，並對生態環境甚至人類造成健康風險與危害，因此這些新興污染物於水體中之宿命與降解過程為各界所重視之問題。在這些藥物中，抗癌藥物與管制藥物所具有之致癌性、致突變性、致畸胎性以及強烈的上癮特性等，更是不容忽視。而在過去許多文獻中發現，這兩類藥物不僅能在污水及廢水處理廠，以及醫院廢水之進流與出流測到，更能在自然水體中（如河川、湖泊）偵測到這些藥物的存在。而在自然宿命中，直接光解與間接光解為表面水體最直接且重要的降解機制。因此本研究為探討兩種抗癌藥物（ifosfamide、methotrexate）與兩種管制藥物（morphine、ketamine）對於自然光之降解宿命，並以合成水模擬自然水體以比較其差異性。另外，除了探討各個目標化合物對於不同基質（如溶解性有機物質、硝酸鹽及碳酸氫鹽）之降解過程，以及其主要降解機制外，本研究也著重在探討目標化合物於光降解反應前後之毒性變化。研究結果顯示，此四個目標化合物都以間接光降解為主要反應機制，且合成水與自然水體之降解趨勢極為相似。在直接光降解反應下，methotrexate與ketamine之毒性隨著反應時間的增加而上升，雖然其副產物之產生量只佔總原始濃度之10%不到，但經過42小時之直接光解反應後，所產生之毒性遠大於其原始毒性（methotrexate之EC50約為65 mg/L; ketamine之EC50約為23 mg/L）。因此，除了探討不同藥物於水中之光反應機制外，其反應前後之毒性變化也是不容忽視。

關鍵字

抗癌藥物；管制藥物；光降解；毒性反應

並列摘要

The occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals in surface waters have been a significant concern due to the fact that they possess potential risks to human health and ecosystems. In particular, antineoplastic drugs and illicit drugs, which are carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and having strong addiction, can also be found in the effluents of wastewater treatment plant or even in the surface water system. Sunlight photochemical reaction, including both direct and indirect photolysis, is one of the important natural attenuation processes in surface water systems. For direct and indirect photolysis, pseudo-first-order rates were studied along with the effect of triplet-excited state dissolved organic matters (3DOM*), singlet oxygen (1O2), hydroxyl radical (

並列關鍵字

antineoplastic drugs ； illicit drugs ； photodegradation ； toxicity ； methotrexate ； ifosfamide ； ketamine ； morphine

參考文獻

Beyssac, E., Touaref, F., Meyer, M., Jacob, L., Sandouk, P., and Aiache, J.M. (1998). Bioavailability of morphine after administration of a new bioadhesive buccal tablet. Biopharm Drug Dispos 19, 401–405.

Bones, J., Thomas, K.V., and Paull, B. (2007). Using environmental analytical data to estimate levels of community consumption of illicit drugs and abused pharmaceuticals. J. Environ. Monit. 9, 701–707.

Buerge, I.J., Buser, H.-R., Poiger, T., and Muller, M.D. (2006). Occurrence and Fate of the Cytostatic Drugs Cyclophosphamide and Ifosfamide in Wastewater and Surface Waters †. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 7242–7250.

Buxton, G.V., Greenstock, C.L., Helman, W.P., and Ross, A.B. (1988). Critical review of rate constants for reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 17, 513–886.

Castiglioni, S., Zuccato, E., Crisci, E., Chiabrando, C., Fanelli, R., and Bagnati, R. (2006). Identification and measurement of illicit drugs and their metabolites in urban wastewater by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 78, 8421–8429.

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抗癌藥物與管制藥物於水體環境中光降解轉換之研究

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