中唐至北宋前期韓愈形象的歷史演變

The Transformation of Han Yu’s Images from Middle Tang to Early North Sung Dynasties

吳立仁(Li-Jen Wu)

指導教授 ： 吳展良

國立臺灣大學/文學院/歷史學研究所/碩士(2009年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2009.10444

摘要

欲了解唐宋之際文化史核心關懷的變化，韓愈（768-824）是最好的人物指標。以往數量龐大的韓愈研究，多集中於韓愈本身（事蹟、作品、思想等），本篇論文考究三個階段韓愈形象的變化：中唐（韓愈生前）、晚唐五代（韓愈逝世至柳開之前）、北宋前期（柳開至歐陽修之前）。筆者掌握現存所有中唐至北宋前期韓愈相關史料，並運用文獻細讀、背景考察、分析比較三種方式解讀。

韓愈活躍於中唐時期，當時人對韓愈的認識有五個重要面向。第一個面向是提倡古文的韓愈，第二個面向是創作奇險詩歌的韓愈。在當時，出身核心士族的士人，比較看重韓愈的古文活動；而邊緣士族出身的文士，比較關注到韓愈的詩歌創作。這點與雙方不同的社會文化背景有關。除了作為傑出文士（古文、奇詩）的韓愈形象外，尚有史才、政治人物、新型儒者的韓愈形象。

晚唐五代韓愈的主流形象，是位擅於文章寫作的文士。在肯定韓愈以文章顯名的前提下，晚唐五代對於「韓文」主要有兩類態度，一類是讚賞韓文革弊開創的價值，一類則認為這種新文體實驗不免流於怪奇。晚唐五代尚有其他的韓愈形象，如有知人之才與擅於提攜後進、有史才、對韓愈排佛老舉措的諷寓、政治人物、新型儒者。

時間進入到北宋前期，這是整個中國文化史上最推尊韓愈的一個階段。相較於中唐與晚唐五代兩個時期，這時期關於韓愈儒者形象的史料顯著地增加，內容則是韓愈地位被大大地提升。這點是唐宋之際韓愈歷史形象最顯著的轉變，反映出時代文化的核心關懷產生重大轉變，使得士人階層重新理解韓愈其人與其文。宋初尊韓之風的具體內涵包括推尊韓愈闢佛老、文章、重振師道、道統觀，反映出宋初儒學的基本趨向與性質，是重建世界秩序，發揚孔孟儒家文化，排斥佛老異端的運動。

筆者從地域角度，比較了北方山東、南方江西與安徽（前身南唐）、南方浙江與江蘇（前身吳越）三個地區士人對韓愈的認知。山東乃全國尊韓排佛大本營，江西與安徽則未留意韓愈，吳越出現了尊韓而不排佛的現象，筆者針對這些現象加以解釋。筆者還論及韓愈詩作與詩才、史才、政治人物、排佛舉措等形象的斷裂或延續。

關鍵字

韓愈 ； 唐宋變革 ； 古文運動 ； 新儒學

並列摘要

During the past, there were huge amounts of research of Han Yu(768-824) which were mostly about Han Yu himself including his articles and his thoughts, etc. This research explores three stages of transformative images of Han Yu: (1)Middle Tang (Han Yu’s living time); (2)Late Tang, Five Dynasties; (3)Early North Sung. I have collected all sources about Han Yu from Middle Tang to Early North Sung in hand and then started my research.

Han Yu’s active period is Middle Tang, and people at that time had five significant aspects understanding him: first aspect was the Ku-wen(Classical Style) advocator; the second was the writer of quaint poetry; in addition to the image of remarkable litterateur, he had other images like the talent of writing narrations, the politician, and a new kind of confucian scholar.

The main image of Han Yu in Late Tang and Five Dynasties was a litterateur who is skilled in writing. Moreover, there were other images like: promoting proteges; the talent of writing narrations; expressing Buddhism and Taoism which Han Yu disagree with in the form of fables or satires; the politician; a new kind of Confucian scholar.

From the period of Middle Tang to Late Tang and Five Dynasties, the image of Han Yu as a new kind of Confucian scholar was quite subtle. Up to Early North Sung, there were considerably increasing of historical materials about Han Yu as a Confucian scholar and his historical status had been promoted dramatically. This was the most obvious image transitions of Han Yu during Tang to Sung. In this research, I also discuss raptures and continuities of his different images of talents of poetry, the talent of writing narrations, the politician, and activities of excluding Buddhism and Taoism.

Comprehensively, Han Yu’s talent of literature was highly valued in Tang and Five Dynasties and his contribution of Confucianism was more highlighted in Early North Sung. The transitions of time and culture have made different parts of Han Yu featured.

並列關鍵字

Han Yu ； the ku-wen movement ； Confucian revival ； the Tang-Sung transition ； Neo-Confucianism

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