- 學位論文
臺灣產蟻蛉族（脈翅目:蟻蛉科）之分類修訂
Taxonomic revision of the antlion tribe Myrmeleontini (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) in Taiwan
摘要
蟻蛉（又稱蟻獅）為蟻蛉科（Myrmeleontidae）的成員，該科是脈翅目（Neuroptera）中物種多樣性最高的科。蟻蛉最為人所知的便是其幼蟲的特殊捕食行為，蟻蛉的幼蟲大多會潛藏於鬆散土質或砂質下伏擊獵物，甚至部分物種能夠挖掘漏斗狀陷阱等待獵物掉入。蟻蛉族（Myrmeleontini）為蟻蛉科中物種多樣性相當高的一個類群，該族中的成員皆為幼蟲會挖掘陷阱的物種。近期關於蟻蛉族的親緣關係研究皆顯示蟻蛉族內部物種間之關係依然混亂，其中一個物種數量最多的屬，蟻蛉屬(Myrmeleon)為並系群。本研究聚焦在臺灣產的蟻蛉族物種，更進一步探索臺灣的蟻蛉族物種多樣性，並首次調查及紀錄部分離島:金門、澎湖及蘭嶼的蟻蛉族物種。經由在全台灣採集並檢視各館藏標本，共鑑定9種臺灣產蟻蛉族物種，分屬巴蟻蛉屬（Baliga）與蟻蛉屬（Myrmeleon），除上述9種物種外，另有2種過去有紀錄的物種:Baliga brunneipennis (Esben-Petersen)及Myrmeleon bore (Tjeder)並未有採集到或檢視到標本。在此9種物種中，Myrmeleon bimaculatus Yang首次被記錄於臺灣並首次有紀錄到幼蟲形態。此9物種的成蟲與幼蟲皆有進行完整的描述，並提供精細的圖像與檢索表。依據形態特徵的比對，Baliga alticola comb. nov.被提出為一新組合。同時，本研究進行了COI序列的分子分析，除了產自臺灣的樣本外，另外加入自GenBank的額外蟻蛉族序列加入分析。分子分析的結果顯示臺灣產的各物種皆為單系群，同時也支持Myrmeleon heppneri Miller Stange可能為Myrmeleon solers Walker的同物異名，以及Baliga asakurae (Okamoto)可能分布於中國大陸及越南等地。除此之外，本研究首次比對蟻蛉族的部分形態特徵，如幼蟲腹末的挖掘毛、成蟲的翅脈特徵、以及雌雄成蟲的內外生殖器。在比對這些特徵後，臺灣產的物種能夠被分為多個群，因此我也提出這些特徵能夠在未來的研究中有助於檢視並辨明蟻蛉族成員間的親緣關係並重新定義不同屬或種群。
並列摘要
The antlions are members of the family Myrmeleontidae, the most diverse family within Neuroptera. The antlions are known by their unique behavior of the predatory larvae, such as hiding under loose sand and soil or building conical pitfalls to ambush and capture prey. The antlion tribe Myrmeleontini is a diverse tribe within Myrmeleontidae consisting of only pitfall builders. Recent phylogenetic works of Myrmeleontidae all suggest an unclear relationship among species within Myrmeleontini, with a species-rich genus Myrmeleon being paraphyletic. The present study focuses on the Myrmeleontini species in Taiwan, furthermore explore the diversity of Myrmeleontini in Taiwan, also the first to explore the diversity of several associated islands: Kinmen, Penghu and Lanyu. By collecting specimens throughout Taiwan and examine materials in collections, a total of nine species of Myrmeleontini are identified, belonging to two genera: Baliga and Myrmeleon, two additional species that was previously recorded in Taiwan: Baliga brunneipennis (Esben-Petersen) and Myrmeleon bore (Tjeder), are not collected or examined in collections. Of the nine species, Myrmeleon bimaculatus Yang is recorded in Taiwan for the first time, as well as a first recording of the larval stage. Both adults and larvae of the nine species are redescribed, also provided with detailed images and identification keys. Baliga alticola comb. nov. is proposed by comparing morphological characters. A DNA analysis of COI gene of the Taiwanese species and additional sequences from GenBank are conducted, supporting the monophyly of the Taiwanese species, as well as suggesting Myrmeleon heppneri Miller Stange being a possible synonym of Myrmeleon solers Walker and the distribution of Baliga asakurae (Okamoto) in China and Vietnam. In addition, several morphological characters of Myrmeleontini are compare for the first time, such as the arrangement of the larval abdominal digging setae, wing shape, terminalia and male genitalia. As combination of these characters can separate the Taiwanese species into groups, I proposed these characters can be useful in discriminating the relationship among species within the tribe Myrmeleontini and to define different species groups or genera in future phylogenetic works.
參考文獻
延伸閱讀
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