網室洋香瓜銀葉粉蝨綜合管理之基礎生態

Basic Ecology for Integrated Management of the Silverleaf whitefly ( Bemisia argentifolii ) on Cantaloupe in a Net-house

林鳳琪(Feng-Chyi Lin)

指導教授 ： 陳秋男

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/昆蟲學研究所/博士(2006年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2006.01330

摘要

以網室栽培生長之洋香瓜(秋華二號) 為模式作物，研究銀葉粉蝨之基礎生態作為開發其綜合管理技術之參考依據。以洋香瓜葉片飼育銀葉粉蝨之生活史觀察，未成熟的各蟲期的累積死亡率以26及28℃時最低，累積死亡率約為6％。銀葉粉蝨各齡期的平均發育所需時間，在16-28℃等定溫時，由卵發育到成蟲需依溫度昇高而縮短，需15.4-55.3日。在30-34℃定溫時，發育所需時間依溫度昇高而增長，需15.8-21.1日。在16-28℃時溫度與發速率之關係，估算卵發育至成蟲的直線廻歸模式，為D(T) = -0.044321＋0.003849T (r2=0.992, P<0.01)，由該直線廻歸方程式推算卵-成蟲的發育臨界低溫為11.5℃，而自卵發育為成蟲的發育總積溫259.8日度（degree-days）。 以16-34℃觀察之結果估算Lactin-2非線性廻歸模式中各參數之數値，其中致死溫度為37.635± 1.0126℃，由卵發育為成蟲的發育最適溫度（optimal temperature）為29.9℃，發育臨界低溫（low temperature threshold）為9.1℃。
在16、20、24、28及32℃等定溫下，雌蟲平均壽命依序為30.7、27.1、28.1、34.2和19.5日；雄蟲平均壽命依序為17.4、21.7、24.5、27.6和12.8日。每一雌蟲平均一生總產卵量依序分別為80.7、160.4、196.1、337.5及26.1粒。而各族群介量，淨增殖率(R0)，以28℃最大為155.95，16℃及32℃時較低分別為26.88及11.24。平均世代時間(T)在28℃及32℃時最短，分別為26.28日及26.18日，而以16℃時最長為72.02日。內在自然增殖率(rm)與終極增殖率(λ)均以28℃時最高分別為0.1925及1.212，而在16℃時最低分別為0.046及1.046。族群倍增時間(DT)則以28℃時最短為3.6日，16℃時最長為15.06日。
在族群密度偵測技術之建立，試驗結果顯示，銀葉粉蝨於洋香瓜植株上的垂直分布，80%以上成蟲出現在頂芽以下第3~9葉序上，可作為其最適取樣部位。而其於網室內洋香瓜全園的空間分布型式，經8次密度調查所得之平均擁擠度 (Mean crowding, ) 與平均值 (Mean, m) 之比值 ( /m) 均大於1，顯示其分布型式為聚集分布。分析頂芽以下3~9葉成蟲數，經由Iwao’s patchiness regression得知截距α = 12.29，斜率β = 1.327，顯示其成蟲於植株上空間分布亦呈聚集型。依Taylor’s power law導出之方程式得a = 3.917，b = 1.538，亦同樣顯示其空間分布為聚集分布型式。根據上列數值，估算在不同密度與精密度下之網室內洋香瓜上銀葉粉蝨成蟲最適取樣數。當族群平均密度每葉蟲數達5隻，精密度設為0.2時，經由Iwao’s patchiness regression 或 Taylor’s power law 計算，最適取樣數分別為75或47葉片。當族群平均密度每葉蟲數達15隻以上時，最適取樣數均低於30片葉片。基於防治之考量，欲於網室內洋香瓜上估計銀葉粉蝨成蟲數，可以逢機取樣10株以翻葉檢視頂芽以下3~9葉片葉背上成蟲數，為省工省時之取樣方法。
由銀葉粉蝨族群密度對洋香瓜產量損失估算試驗結果顯示，其他環境氣候因子對洋香瓜果實重量影響大於銀葉粉蝨之危害，銀葉粉蝨對洋香瓜造成的產量損失，以排泄密露誘發果實產生煤煙病為主，當洋香瓜植株葉片感染煤煙病，同時也擴及果實，果實收穫率(%)與植株上感染煤煙病葉片數為負關係。以果重與收穫率之乘積為每株的產量，估數銀葉粉蝨發生密度(x)與每公畝的產量(y)之直線廻歸方程式為 y = 73.17-3.15x ( r2 = 0.8716, p < 0.01)，得產量損失率為每公畝3.15 kg/ adult，選擇以益達胺為防治藥劑其防治效果為80%， 計算得銀葉粉蝨在網室直立式栽培洋香瓜上的經濟危害水平(EIL)為2.98 adults / leaf。

關鍵字

銀葉粉蝨 ； 洋香瓜 ； 綜合防治 ； 發育速率 ； 族群介量 ； 最適樣品數 ； 產量損失 ； 經濟危害水平

並列摘要

The objective of this study is to develop the integrated techniques for the management of the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii (Bellows and Perring), on cantaloupe (or muskmelon) cultivated in the net house. Developmental time and mortality of B. argentifolii were determined at ten constant temperatures ranging from 16 to 34℃ on cantaloupe. The least cumulated immature mortality of B. argentifolii from egg to adult was 6% at 26℃ and 28℃. Developmental time from egg to adult at 16-28℃ ranged from 15.4 to 55.3 days on cantaloupe. The developmental rate (D) could be raised by increasing temperature (T) as shown in the linear regression equation: D = -0.044321+ 0.003849T (r2= 0.992, p<0.01). However, 15.8 to 21.1 days were needed when temperature was around 30 to 34℃, the higher the temperature the lower the developmental rate. The low developmental threshold temperature and degree-day (DD) requirements from egg to adult were 11.5℃ and 259.807 DD, respectively. A nonlinear temperature- dependent model (Lactin-2) fitted well to the data for 16 to 34℃. Accordingly, the lethal upper temperature was estimated as 37.635 ± 1.0126℃, and the optimal temperature and developmental temperature threshold of B. argentifolii from egg to adult were 29.9℃ and 9.1℃, respectively.
The mean longevity of female and male was 30.7 and 17.4 days, 27.1 and 21.7 days, 28.1 and 24.5 days, 34.2 and 27.6 days, 19.5 and 12.8 days respectively at 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32℃. Fecundity was 80.7, 160.4, 196.1, 337.5 and 26.1 eggs per female on cantaloupe respectively at 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32℃. At 28℃ it had the highest net reproductive rate (Ro) (155.95), and the least at 32℃ (11.24).The shortest mean generation time was 26.28 and 26.18 days respectively at 28 and 32℃, but the maximal one was 72.02 days at 16℃. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and finite rate of increase (λ) was 0.1925 and 1.212 at 28℃. The longest doubling time was 15.06 days at 16℃, but the shortest was 3.6 days at 28℃.
I conducted random sampling eight times in a net house to examine spatial pattern and to estimate optimal sample size of B. argentifolii adults on cantaloupe plants. The vertical distribution of the whiteflies on cantaloupe plant was studied by inspecting adults with leaf turn method. More than 80% adults occurred on the 3rd-9th leaves top down from terminal bud of cantaloupe plant, and these grouping leaves were considered as a suitable sampling unit. Iwao’s mean crowding (m) – mean (m) regression and Taylor’s power law were used to analyze the data. Parameters derived from Taylor’s power law were a=3.917 and b=1.538 (r2 =0.98), those from Iwao’s m-m regression were α=12.29 and β=1.327 (r2 =0.97). Both Taylor’s b and Iwao’s β were significantly greater than 1, indicating that the whiteflies spatial pattern was an aggregative type. Using these parameters, I estimated the optimal sample size necessary to achieve a predetermined statistical precision. At the 0.2 precision level, estimates of optimal sample size based on the Iwao’ patchiness regression and Taylor power law are less than 75 and 47, respectively, when the density exceeds 5 adult whiteflies per leaf. The density of the whitefly ranged from 7 to 137 adults per leaf during this survey. Therefore, in order to simplify the sampling method, I suggest that 10 random plants be taken to count the adult whiteflies on the 3rd to the 9th leaves under the terminal bud by turning the leaf to monitor the whitefly population in net house for pest control purposes.
Yield loss assessment indicated that the weight of the melon fruit was affected more by the climatic factors than the injuries caused by B. argentifolii. The yield loss of cantaloupe fruit by B. argentifolii was mainly resulted from the sooty mold disease on both leaves and fruits induced by the honey dew excreted. The results revealed the relation between the yield of cantaloupe per are (kg/are) and the whitefly density (x, No. adults/leaf) can be expressed as a linear regression equation: y= 73.17-3.15x (r2= 0.8716, p<0.05). The yield decrease rate was at 3.15 kg/adult per are and the economic injury level (EIL) was estimated at 2.98adults/leaf on cantaloupe in net house when imidacloprid was used.

並列關鍵字

Bemisia argentifolii ； cantaloupe ； integrated management ； developmental rate ； population parameter ； optimal sampling size ； yield loss assessment ； economic injury level (EIL)

參考文獻

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