增強權能觀點認為弱勢族群即所謂社會上權能(power)很低的人口群。基於此,少年社會工作在服務弱勢少年時,也應特別將注意力放在弱勢少年受壓迫的狀態以及造成的無力感,以有效的提供服務。故本研究之研究目的有三:一、了解少年無力感(powerlessness)之現況;二、檢視目前弱勢少年與非弱勢少年在無力感程度上的差異;三、探究解釋少年無力感之相關因素。經過文獻回顧後,找出可解釋無力感之相關因素為「缺乏資源和機會」、「接受到負面評價與刻板印象」、「缺乏政治的參與」、「缺乏批判與抽象思考的訓練」四個。 此架構所發展出來的研究假設有三:一、弱勢少年的無力感較非弱勢少年高;二、弱勢少年較非弱勢少年缺乏資源和機會、接受到較多負面評價與刻板印象、較缺乏政治的參與、且較缺乏批判與抽象思考的訓練;三、缺乏資源和機會、接受到負面評價與刻板印象、缺乏政治的參與、缺乏批判與抽象思考的訓練等因素均可以解釋無力感,且均呈正相關。本研究採取量化之研究典範,以問卷調查為資料收集方式,研究對象包含弱勢與非弱勢少年兩種:弱勢少年為曾經開案於少年社會福利機構者或者透過本研究之弱勢指標篩選,符合至少一項指標之一般在學生;非弱勢少年為在學之國高中職學生,且未在任何少年福利機構開案,以及未符合本研究之弱勢指標者。在抽樣方法上一方面以分層隨機抽樣的方式從國中與高中職抽出一般在學生,另一方面以立意抽樣的方式由社會福利機構中抽取社會福利機構服務之少年。本研究總樣本數為1,065份,經過弱勢指標篩選後,弱勢少年有483位,非弱勢少年有582位。 重要研究結果如下:一、弱勢少年無力感的程度高於非弱勢少年,二、在「缺乏資源與機會」、「接受到負面評價與刻板印象」、「缺乏政治的參與」、「缺乏批判與抽象思考的訓練」等因素上,弱勢少年亦較非弱勢少年缺乏;三、「缺乏家庭經濟條件」、「接受到負面評價與刻板印象」、「缺乏政治的參與」、「缺乏批判與抽象思考的訓練」能解釋少年無力感,且各因素與無力感之間均成正相關。根據研究結果,採增強權能觀點提出對社工實務與少年福利政策上的建議:主要包含修正少年錯誤的負面評價與刻板印象、降低因家庭經濟匱乏帶來的影響、增加少年的政治參與、增加對少年批判與抽象思考的訓練等四大方向。
According to the concept of empowerment, disadvantaged people are those who are powerless in the mainstream society. As a social worker, one has to be aware of the fact that our adolescent clients are oppressed and thus powerless. Based on this perspective, this study attempted to study the powerlessness of adolescents in Taipei, compared to their not disadvantaged counterparts. And to examine factors associated with their sense of powerlessness. Previous studies already found that the lack of resources and opportunities, the extent of negative valuation and stereotype one has received, lack of political participation, and lack of training in critical and abstract thinking were associated with powerlessness. This study proposed three hypotheses: 1) Disadvantaged adolescents had a higher degree of powerlessness than their not disadvantaged counterparts; 2) the disadvantaged adolescents had fewer resources and opportunities, received more negative valuation and stereotype, less political participation and less training in critical and abstract thinking, and therefore, were more likely to have higher levels of powerlessness. The study conducted a survey with 1065 adolescents. The disadvantaged group was consisted of 483 adolescents. They were either clients of social welfare organizations or high school students who met the criteria of disadvantaged conditions. The not disadvantaged group was consisted of 585 high school students. The results of this study indicated that the disadvantaged adolescents did have a higher degree of powerlessness than those who were not disadvantaged. And they indeed had less resources and opportunities, received more negative valuation and stereotype, less political participation and less training in critical and abstract thinking. Poor family financial support, negative valuation and stereotype, lack of political participation and lack of training in critical and abstract thinking were all positively related to powerlessness. This study recommended that efforts should be made on correcting negative valuation and stereotype toward adolescents, lowering the impact of family economic strain, encouraging more political participation and increasing the training of critical and abstract thinking to adolescents, both disadvantaged and their not disadvantaged counterparts.
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