臺灣飲水中雌激素化合物含量及淨水處理流程之移除效率

Levels of estrogenic chemicals in drinking water in Taiwan and their removal during the treatment processes

蔡進偉(Jin-Wei Tsai)

指導教授 ： 陳家揚

國立臺灣大學/公共衛生學院/環境衛生研究所/碩士(2008年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2008.01213

摘要

近年來飲水中雌激素化合物的存在能否在水處理過程中有效被移除逐漸引起重視。本研究利用固相萃取搭配極致液相層析/串聯式質譜儀調查2007年七月至2008年五月臺灣七家淨水廠七種雌激素化合物於各淨水處理單元之移除效率。分析物包含雌素酮、天然動情激素、雌素醇、乙炔動情激素、雙酚A、辛基酚和壬基酚。
本研究發現原水中雌激素類固醇、雙酚A、辛基酚和壬基酚的幾何平均濃度分別為0.08–0.36 ng/L、0.67 ng/L、2.61 ng/L和87 ng/L，經淨水處理後，其清水中的幾何平均濃度分別為0.05–0.33 ng/L、0.23 ng/L、1.31 ng/L、69 ng/L。而原水中雌激素類固醇、雙酚A、辛基酚和壬基酚的檢出率分別為0.0％–18.8％、33.3％、33.3％和81.3％，經淨水處理後，其清水中的檢出率分別為0.0％–12.5％、0％、8.3％、56.3％，顯示水中低濃度的雌激素類固醇、雙酚A和辛基酚大多可被水處理流程移除至低於偵測極限，而水處理流程似可降低壬基酚含量。
本研究也發現春季原水、沉澱處理後、快濾處理後和清水中壬基酚的平均濃度分別為307 ng/L、294 ng/L、208 ng/L和189 ng/L，顯著大於秋季各淨水流程壬基酚的平均濃度分別為208 ng/L、106 ng/L、52 ng/L和58 ng/L和冬季各淨水流程壬基酚的平均濃度分別為189 ng/L、59 ng/L、62 ng/L和39 ng/L（p＜0.05)。此外，春、夏、秋和冬季經所有淨水流程處理後壬基酚之移除率分別為31％、20％、45％和61％。
若生體可利用率為50％和100％時，本研究估計19–64歲年齡層男性個體血清內總天然動情激素之平均當量濃度分別為2.31–2.32 ng/L和4.61–5.76 ng/L，皆為內生性天然動情激素10–50 ng/L的0.05–0.6倍；且19–64歲女性個體血清內總天然動情激素之平均當量濃度分別為2.86–2.89 ng/L和4.62–5.71 ng/L，皆為內生性天然動情激素20–350 ng/L的0.008–0.3倍，顯示國人飲水中受到這些物質導致生殖危害的健康風險極低。

關鍵字

雌激素化合物 ； 飲水處理過程 ； 固相萃取 ； 極致液相層析/串聯式質譜儀 ； 天然動情激素 ； 總天然動情激素當量濃度

並列摘要

There is a concern on the removal of ferminizing chemicals during the drinking water treatment processes. This study investigated the removal of seven estrogenic chemicals during the drinking-water-treatment (DWT) processes from seven plants in Taiwan between July 2007 and May 2008 using solid phase extraction (SPE) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The analytes were estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), bisphenol-A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) and 4-nonylphenol (NP). We found that geometric mean concentrations of steroid estrogen (E1, E2, EE2 and E3), BPA, OP and NP in raw water were 0.08–0.36 ng/L, 0.67 ng/L, 2.61 ng/L and 87 ng/L, respectively, which were higher than those in finish water, which were 0.05–0.33 ng/L, 0.23 ng/L, 1.31 ng/L and 69 ng/L, respectively. Besides, the detection rate of steroid estrogen, BPA, OP and NP in raw water were 0.0％–18.8％, 33.3％, 33.3％ and 81.3％, respectively, which were higher than those in finished water, which were 0.0％–12.5％, 0％, 8.3％ and 56.3％, respectively. The observations revealed that drinking-water treatment processes could eliminate steroid estrogen, BPA and OP in low concentrations effectively, and decrease the levels of NP in raw water.
Mean concentrations of NP at each water treatment processes (raw water, sedimentation, rapid filtration and finished water) in spring were 307 ng/L, 294 ng/L, 208 ng/L, and 189 ng/L respectively, which were significantly higher than those in autumn 208 ng/L, 106 ng/L, 52 ng/L, and 58 ng/L, respectively and those in winter 189 ng/L, 59 ng/L, 62 ng/L, and 39 ng/L, respectively (p < 0.05). In addition, the elimination rate of NP after whole treatment processes in spring, summer, autumn and winter were 31％, 20％, 45％ and 61％, respectively.
According the absorption of these chemicals were 50％ and 100％ respectively, the estimated mean levels of estrogen equivalents (EQ) for 19–64 years old males were 2.31–2.32 ng/L and 4.61–5.76 ng/L, respectively, which were 1.5–21.6 fold lower than normal circulating plasma levels of E2, which were 10–50 ng/L; Moreover, the estimated mean plasma levels of EQ for 19–64 years old females were 2.86–2.89 ng/L and 4.62–5.71 ng/L, respectively, which were 3.0–122.4 fold lower than normal circulating plasma levels of E2, which were 20–350 ng/L, revealing the risk of consumption with drinking water were low.

並列關鍵字

estrogenic chemicals ； drinking water treatment ； solid–phase extraction ； ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry ； 17β-estradiol ； estrogen equivalents (EQ)

參考文獻

5. 王正雄, 張小萍, 黃壬瑰, 李宜樺, 王世冠, 洪文宗, 陳珮珊. 環境荷爾蒙-壬基苯酚殘留調查及其對雄鯉魚生理效應之研究. 環境檢驗所環境調查研究年報 2002;9.

90. 鄭惠文. 利用固相萃取與液相層析/質譜/質譜儀分析水中的雌素酮、天然動情激素、乙炔動情激素與雌素醇之方法開發. 臺灣大學, 2004.

133. 林穎萱. 以液相層析/層析/質譜儀配合化學衍生偵測水體中類固醇雌激素. 臺灣大學, 2006.

6. 溫子瑤. 飲用水處理步驟移除類固醇類雌激素之效率. 國立臺灣大學, 2005.

104. 沈振峰, 何國榮. 液相層析質譜術在藥物分析之應用. 藥物食品分析 1995;3(4):243-258.