內隱記憶偏誤於恐慌症病理之角色

Implicit Memory Bias: Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Panic Disorder

顏孝羽(Hsiao-Yu Yen)

指導教授 ： 張素凰

國立臺灣大學/理學院/心理學研究所/碩士(2006年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2006.01684

摘要

近代心理病理的認知模型認為焦慮症患者在訊息處理階段早期有自動化的訊息處理偏差。在恐慌症理論中，目前幾個較著名的認知理論尚未將自動化訊息處理的概念納入理論模式當中。內隱記憶偏誤為一種自動化歷程，就實証研究而言，過去的研究大多支持恐慌症患者具有外顯記憶偏誤，有關內隱記憶偏誤的研究相對較少並且結果不一致。本研究旨在探討在恐慌症患者發病之前，不同程度的ASI與恐慌經驗者對於不同種類的訊息是否存在內隱記憶偏誤？如果存在，是因ASI高低不同或是因恐慌經驗所導致？本研究應用噪音評定作業，先請受試者閱讀並想像自己身歷句子所描述的情境，再請受試者評判句子後面背景噪音之大小聲。本研究包含兩個實驗，實驗一受試者為33位大學生（低焦慮敏感度組10位、高焦慮敏感度組10位、高焦慮敏感度伴隨恐慌發作經驗組13位）。實驗一的獨變項為3（組別：低焦慮敏感度組、高焦慮敏感度組、高焦慮敏感度伴隨恐慌發作經驗組）× 3（句型：恐慌句、負向句、中性句）× 3（音量：54 分貝、57分貝、60分貝）× 2（促發：促發句、非促發句）的四因子混合設計，除了「組別」為受試者間設計之外，其餘三個因子為受試者內設計。依變項為對背景噪音的評分。實驗二的程序與實驗一均相同，但刺激材料數目減少，僅呈現兩種句型（恐慌句、中性句）。實驗二受試者為48位大學生，每組各16位。本研究兩個實驗結果顯示雖然受試者均未呈現內隱記憶偏誤，但對於不喜歡的句型卻呈現不自主注意的傾向。研究結果支持McNally（2002）的看法，即，高焦慮敏感度者不必然呈現記憶偏誤。針對上述綜合結果，本研究提出區分病態焦慮者以及正常焦慮者之因素可能不在於訊息處理前期的偏誤，後期認知歷程介入的失效也許才是造成病理的一個更重要的因素。

關鍵字

內隱記憶 ； 恐慌症 ； 噪音評定作業 ； 焦慮敏感度 ； 自動化訊息處理

並列摘要

According to current cognitive model of psychopathology, anxiety disorders are characterized by early or automatic bias. However, in panic disorder, several well-known cognitive theories did not mention this automatic bias. Implicit memory is one of the automatic processing. While most empirical researches supported the explicit memory bias, supports for implicit memory bias was ambiguous. The study aimed to elucidate whether there was any implicit memory bias before the onset of panic disorder. The subsequent question is if this bias existed, did it originate from the trait or as a result of panic attacks? Our study applied the white noise paradigm. First, we had the participants read sentences and create a scene involving themselves. Second, we told them to rate the background noise of each sentence. Two experiments were conducted. Experiment I had 33 undergraduate students with 10 in low ASI group, 10 in high ASI group, and 13 in high ASI with panic attack experience group. Experiment I consisted of four factors: 3 (Group: Low ASI, High ASI, High ASI with panic attack experience) × 3 (Sentence type: panic, negative, neutral) × 3 (Noise volume: 54 db, 57db, 60db) × 2 (Presentation: primed, unprimed) with repeated measures in the last three factors. The dependent variable was the noise rating of the sentences. Experiment Ⅱ differed from Experiment I mere in fewer sentences and only two types of sentences（panic and neutral） were presented. Experiment Ⅱ consisted of 48 participants with 16 participants in each group. Results showed that neither experiments revealed implicit memory in any groups. Meanwhile, both experiments showed that all participants had a tendency to attend to the dislike sentences involuntarily. Consistent with McNally’s (2002) viewpoint, high ASI does not necessarily predict memory bias. According to the results, it was hypothesized that the difference between pathological anxiety and non-pathological anxiety lies in the later, strategic stage of information processing in contrast to the early, automatic stage of processing.

並列關鍵字

implicit memory bias ； panic disorder ； white noise paradigm ； anxiety sensitivity ； automatic information processing

參考文獻

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