本研究企圖從權力觀點了解社工員面對的工作困境及因應策略,針對社工相關科系畢業、具直接服務經驗者,並依不同年資(2至未滿5年、5年以上)、業務屬性(保護、非保護業務)、及性別,共訪談台北縣市福利機構8位社工人員。 研究發現社工專業受到社會結構、職業結構、及組織結構的影響,其工作困境包括:(1)社工專業內在矛盾所造成的桎梏-爭取個人權益的倡導角色又兼具執行社會規範的控制角色,致使在案主、機構、跨專業的多重關係中面對不斷地衝突。(2)跨專業合作中,在見解不同的情況下,社工專業地位邊緣化影響決策。(3)組織管理凌駕案主需求及服務:績效制度重量輕質,造成同儕間的惡性競爭,成本效益的結果卻是剝削社工員。民營化使社會福利機構受制於政府規定而易失去服務自主。(4)其他尚有無所不在的非志願案主、社工員對於助人角色的自我期許、政府實施的機構評鑑、社會資源與變遷的影響等。 而研究參與者所發展出的因應策略則包括:(1)結構分析能力:除了同儕支持、有效的督導制度、與時俱進的在職訓練等外在支持,傾向將服務對象的問題歸因為外在環境,也由於體認到案主在社會結構中的處境,反而更能欣賞她/他們在逆境中生存的韌性。(2)以行動反制:除了透過各種方式突破原有工作限制,離職也成為一種選擇。從邊做邊學的經驗中嘗試去挑戰現況,逐漸形成實務自信。從重視結果到珍視過程中的學習;從改變焦點的絕對二分,轉化為從改變個人進而影響社會改變。 文末建議謀合學術與實務的差距(增加社工學生在校時的心理準備、善用實習、增加倡導課程,建立適於實務者的進修體系),藉由二者不斷互動,鼓勵多元參與,以建置融合而非排除的社會工作制度。
The purpose of this study is to understand the job stress and coping strategy of social work practitioners from a power perspective. According to different seniority, nature of work, and sex, 8 social work practitioners have been selected from welfare agencies located in Taipei City as well as County to do in-depth interview. It is found that the social work profession has been affected by social, occupational, as well as organizational structure, the research participants’ job stress result from the following causes: (1) the dual mission of social work profession, (2) the marginal status of social work profession while working with other disciplines, (3) the bureaucratization and privatization of the human service organization, and (4) other issues, such as involuntary clients, Messiah complex of social worker, and performance evaluation system, etc. As to coping strategies, there are two ways: (1) Structural analysis: beside peer support, adequate supervision, and on-job training, the ability to attribute the individual problems to the outside structure also allows the workers to appreciate their clients’ strengths. (2) Action-taking as a form of resistance: break-through of the current limitation, resignation can be an alternative. Learning by doing to challenge the status quo, accordingly to build up the professional confidence. From goal orientation to process orientation, and finally reach the dual focus of change target. It concludes that to equip the social work students better, make good use of practicum, enhance advocacy courses, and develop in-service training for social work practitioners will all help diminish the gap between the academia and the practice. An integrated social work shall be built up through continuous interaction and multiple participation.
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