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  • 學位論文

尼泊爾埋葬蟲合作行為促進生態棲位擴張

Climate-mediated Cooperation Promotes Niche Expansion in Burying Beetles (Nicrophorus nepalensis Hope 1831)

指導教授 : 楊平世
共同指導教授 : 沈聖峰

摘要


長久以來,科學家試圖解開人類與社會性生物適應各種陸域棲地的原因,其中一項可能的解釋為──合作行為促使人類與社會性生物成為生態上的優勢種,而佔據各種不同的生態棲位。尼泊爾埋葬蟲廣泛分佈於台灣的中海拔山區,以小群體的合作方式利用動物屍體為繁殖資源。由於利用屍體的昆蟲繁多,搶奪屍體激烈,因此埋葬蟲在異種競爭劇烈的環境會採取合作生殖的策略。本研究重要的發現為:第一,直接證明溫度梯度改變物種間的競爭角力。第二,直接證明合作行為對物種的競爭力有正面的影響,幫助物種棲位向外擴張。本研究以具有合作生殖特性的尼泊爾埋葬蟲 (Nicrophorus nepalensis) 做為實驗物種,沿著海拔梯度進行大尺度操縱性實驗,在自然條件下創造大群體與小群體的埋葬蟲,以操控社會性與非社會性的群體。此外,本研究也以加熱實驗增強蠅類分解屍體的競爭力,探究埋葬蟲合作生殖對抗種間競爭的生態結果。結果顯示大群體埋葬蟲沿著海拔與溫度梯度均有較高且穩定的繁殖成功率,而小群體埋葬蟲則只在中海拔有較高的繁殖成功率。在低海拔氣溫較高且種間競爭較強的環境,大群體埋葬蟲合作處理屍體的投資時間增加,也因此具有較高的繁殖成功率。實驗結果進一步顯示加熱屍體能增強蠅類的競爭力,減低小群體的繁殖成功率,而大群體卻能透過合作對抗蠅類的種間競爭。由此可知,小群體和狹適性物種相仿,而大群體埋葬蟲沿海拔與溫度梯度的繁殖表現則近似廣適性物種,透過合作促進生態棲位寬度擴張。透過瞭解合作行為的生態結果,本研究不但解釋了為什麼社會昆蟲能征服陸域生態系,也有助於瞭解氣候變遷如何影響人類與其他社會性生物的行為生存策略。

並列摘要


The ability to form cooperative societies may explain why humans and social insects have come to dominate the earth. Here we examine the ecological consequences of cooperation by quantifying the fitness of cooperative (large groups) and non-cooperative (small groups) phenotypes in burying beetles (Nicrophorus nepalensis) along an elevational and temperature gradient. We experimentally created large and small groups along the gradient and manipulated interspecific competition with flies by heating carcasses. We show that cooperative groups performed as thermal generalists with similarly high breeding success at all temperatures and elevations, whereas non-cooperative groups performed as thermal specialists with higher breeding success only at intermediate temperatures and elevations. Studying the ecological consequences of cooperation may not only help us to understand why so many species of social insects have conquered the earth, but also to determine how climate change will affect the success of these and other social species, including our own.

參考文獻


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汪琮瑋(2016)。棲地改變與艾里效應對尼泊爾埋葬蟲海拔分布範圍之影響〔碩士論文,國立臺灣大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201610334

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