木質材料耐燃低毒燃氣阻燃藥劑選配與不同防火試驗方法相關性探討

Studies on the Screening of the Fire-retardant Formulations with Low Combustion Gas Toxicity and the Relationship of Different Fire Resistance Test Methods for Wood-based Materials

李明賢(Ming-Hsien Lee)

指導教授 ： 王松永

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/森林學研究所/博士(2004年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2004.01644

摘要

本論文乃針對木質材料應用於結構部份的防火性能與室內裝修材料的耐燃性研究出發，對一般木質纖維材料所採用阻燃藥劑的選配著手；探討燃氣生成毒性與發煙性的關聯性；並應用於木質嵌板，探討火災試驗中耐燃與耐火時間的相關。由於防火試驗在國際標準化的趨勢下，不同試驗方式可能對木質材料造成衝擊，藉由不同檢驗方法加以檢測分級，或改變加熱時間與強度等不同試驗條件下，探討結果間的差異與相關性，以作為木質材料耐燃性判定之參考。
首先在高效能的阻燃藥劑選擇上：氧指數試驗法適合於木質纖維材料之抑燃性的探討，以及應用於高效能阻燃藥劑評選；對單一藥劑藥效的釐清，與混合藥劑協乘效應的確定，都可實際運用在低毒性阻燃藥劑配方的選配。單一藥劑的氧指數大小以磷銨類＞硼類＞鹵化物；又混合藥劑的異質性藥劑組合明顯較同質性藥劑組合有較佳的協乘效果。
其次在燃燒氣體毒性的評估上：一般煙毒性以CO2與CO生成量、CO2＋CO總量或O2消耗量來評估；單純以燃燒損失量或僅以CO2、CO與O2解釋小白鼠停止活動時間似有不足。就質量不滅的觀點，應合併煙濃度來加以說明。
又質量損失率能降低材料間個別組織的差異，比燃燒損失量在煙濃度上有較好的關聯性；小白鼠停止活動時間與CO2與剩餘O2的濃度關聯性高，而煙濃度與CO2與剩餘O2的濃度亦有很高的相關性，本試驗就小白鼠停止活動時間與煙濃度的相關，證明通過耐燃3級材料亦可通過小白鼠的暴露試驗。
在木質嵌板的製造上的裝飾材、層間材、不

關鍵字

氧指數 ； 表面試驗 ； 生物暴露試驗 ； 阻燃藥劑 ； 燃燒氣體毒性 ； 圓錐量熱儀 ； 著火性試驗 ； 木質材料 ； 發熱性

並列摘要

The dissertation is focus on wood-base materials that were applied to structure of fire endurance and incombustibility of interior finish for purpose. Firstly, to distinguish the fire-retardant formulations those were treated on the lignocellulosic materials, and to research the relationship of the combustion gas toxicity and the smoke factor. Then, take advantage of wood-base panel to discuss the fire endurance and incombustibility various. Recently, the fire test and requirement are standardization in the world, the test results of incombustibility sometimes varied with the test method used, that will impact on the industry of forest. Those wood-base finish materials were sorted by irradiance density and irradiance time. The difference and the relationship between the test results of those test methods were studied. In order to predict the combustion characteristics of standard change, refer to the improvement and judgment in advance.
First of all, on the screening of high performance of fire-retardant formulations： oxygen index method is very suitable for the investigation of the flammability of ligno-cellulosic materials, and for the screening and systematic evaluation of chemicals. It can offer the affection of single chemical, the synergism affect of the fire retardant chemical mixtures, and provide to evaluate the high fire retardation and low toxicity fire-retardant. The oxygen index of single chemicals was ammonium phosphate higher than boride and halide. The fire retardant chemical mixtures of heterogeneous on synergism affect are better than mixture of Homogeneous.
Secondary, the evaluation of combustion gas toxicity usually by the concentration of CO2, CO, CO2+CO and consumption of O2, was not enough to explain the incapacitation time of mice; in the opinion on the law of conservation of matter, the smoke factor also provides the reason of the incapacitation time.
In this study, weight loss percent could reduce the different of materials tissue, it has a significantly positive effect on the smoke factor than burning weight loss; the incapacitation time of mice is an inverse proportion with the concentration of CO2 and consumption of O2, but they are affected by the smoke factor. During the relationship between the incapacitation time of mice and smoke factor, we could explain why passing “Grade 3 materials incombustibility” in CNS 6532 also could meet the limit of the incapacitation time of mice in CNS 8738.
On the manufacture of wood-base panels, depending on the incombustibility or fire endurance, the wood-base panels laminating of wallcovering materials, lining board, steel wire fence and the treatment of fire-retardant, were different performance on test result; thinking about fire endurance of wood structure, all parts were used incombustibility materials, are not economical and to waste the unnecessary chemical.
Finally, discussing of the relationships of different fire-resistance test methods, While applied on interior finish lining board, wallcovering materials of buildings, it could evaluate the change of heat release by the total temperature
-time area (Tdθ) minus the area of temperature cure of reference board. According to the judgment level of incombustibility for surface test in CNS 6532, the requirement of ignition time in ISO 5657, “Glade 3 incombustibility” and above “Glade 2 incombustibility” materials are over 900 seconds under the irradiance of 20 and 50 kW/m2. All of the grade 3 incombustibility materials met the requirements of the class 3 of CAN/ULC S 135 tested by the cone calorimeter method; on the contrary, the requirement met by the cone calorimeter method does not necessarily meet the requirement by the surface test. Comparing with Japan’s noncombustibility test method is worthy to take as our models, it is not only the heat release considerate, but also the flammability and combustion gas toxicity.

並列關鍵字

Ignitability test ； Combustion gas toxicity ； Cone calorimeter ； Heat release ； Animal exposure test ； Surface test ； Oxygen index ； Wood-based material ； Fire-retardant

參考文獻

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