臺灣區域民意代表提名機制研究

我國兩大政黨—民主進步黨與中國國民黨—的政黨生態與文化相差甚大，在區域民意代表的提名上卻均採取「民意調查」作為初選的主要辦法。將政黨的提名權交由不特定民眾，此一特殊的外包式提名機制何以得到國民黨與民進黨的青睞，為本文關心的重點。又政黨在這一相當分權化的提名制度中，其扮演的角色與欲達成的目的，亦為本文深入探討的問題。同時因應兩大黨對於提名制度有新的設計，也探討此一「青年/新人加權」的制度變遷對於整體提名過程與結果有何影響。本文使用深度訪談法，藉由具關鍵性及代表性的訪談對象，指出政黨在整體提名過程中的策略思維與定位，並分析行為者對於提名制度的想像與適應。研究發現，政黨的角色在分權化的「外包式」提名制度中，是積極的考量到黨內外環境因素而採取民意調查的初選方式。其符合了政黨行為者心目中「公平」、「效率」、「民主」及「有效」四個指標的想像，對手影響民調的干擾不如預期嚴重，民調也可以讓政黨擺脫派系的要脅。對比研究個案的兩大政黨，也可發現政黨在提名機制上的模仿與因應自身黨內文化而做出調適。最後，本文發現提名制度的變遷具有多重目的，不單是選出最有勝選機率的候選人，而亦有對黨內外生態作出回應的功能。本文以2018年民進黨與國民黨提出的「青年/新人加權」的制度設計與初選結果為例，發現青年及新人的提名機率並不如制度設計的初衷，即呼應了提名制度變遷的多目的性。

關鍵字

候選人挑選；制度變遷；政黨提名；民調加權

並列摘要

The two main parties in Taiwan, Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and Kuomintang (KMT), have quit different party cultures and ecologies. Nevertheless, they choose the same candidate-selection method, polling primary, on district representatives. Giving the power of candidate selecting to uncertain public is special to political parties. Why this outsourcing primary method could be adopted to KMT and DPP? What is the role the parties play and the purpose they want to achieve in such primary institution? Furthermore, this paper mentioned that how the new design, freshmen/ youth weighting, will impact on candidate selection. In this paper, those two questions will be answered by in-depth interviews. By interviewing with key people in party politics, we reveal the position and strategy of party in candidate selection, and also analysis how actors think and adjust to nominating institution. There are three finding in this paper: first, in a decentralized and outsourcing nominating institution, parties take the initiative in poll primary because of internal and external environment. Poll primary as a candidate-selection method, is in line with the four indicators of “fairness”, “efficiency”, “democracy” and “effectiveness” in the minds of party actors. In addition, the interference of opponents in polls is not as serious as expected, and poll primary can also prevent political parties from threats of other factions. Second, the two major political parties, KMT and DPP, that contrasted the case study can also find that the party's imitation in the nomination mechanism and the adaptation to its own party culture. Finally, the change of the nomination system has multiple purposes. It not only selects the candidates who have the best chance of winning the election, but also has the function of responding to the ecology inside and outside the party. This paper uses the "young/newcomer-weighted" system design and primary results proposed by the Democratic Progressive Party and the Kuomintang in 2018 as an example. It is found that the nomination chance of young people and newcomers is not as the original intention of institutional design, that is, it echoes the multipurpose of the nomination mechanism changes.