同志青少年非自願性出櫃後之家庭因應與復原力

The Resilience of Gay and Lesbian Teenagers Facing Family Coping Challenges After Coming Out Involuntarily

林子軒(Tzu-Hsuan Lin)

指導教授 ： 沈瓊桃

國立臺灣大學/社會科學院/社會工作學研究所/碩士(2020年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU202004189

摘要

過往研究指出同志青少年對於出櫃往往有許多考量因素，即便選擇出櫃亦會選擇時機與策略。然而，非自願性出櫃的同志卻難以發展這些策略而被迫面臨家庭挑戰，若遭遇家人拒絕接納將會影響到同志青少年心理健康發展，此時同志青少年如何發揮自我復原的能力，相當值得探究。有鑑於此，本研究旨在瞭解同志青少年非自願性出櫃的經驗與復原力，研究目的分別為瞭解同志青少年不願出櫃的因素、非自願性出櫃的情境與過程、非自願性出櫃後之家庭因應與壓力，以及非自願性出櫃後展現的復原力。
本研究採敘說研究法進行，經過立意抽樣，本研究邀請5位同志受訪者共進行12次深度訪談，依照時間序列呈現受訪者之個人生命經驗。研究結果顯示，同志青少年不願出櫃的因素為來自父母直接、間接不友善態度與對後果的想像；不確定性的感受使得同志不願出櫃；視為自然過程/身分而無意願出櫃三項因素。非自願性出櫃的情境部分，可分為被迫告知的出櫃情境、遭到洩漏的出櫃情境，且非自願性出櫃是一個動態的過程。青少年非自願性出櫃後，家庭成員的反應與因應包含父母感到震驚、憤怒、失望與自責；父母試圖控制子女日常生活；父母言語威脅、施壓與尋求外力求助；親子關係產生疏離/衝突的長期改變。同志青少年所感知的壓力部分包含憂鬱、自我貶抑並出現自殺意念；因持續性憤怒與父母爭執或疏遠；擔心失去父母關愛而感到難過與自責；出現自我認同的懷疑與罪惡感。最後，在自我復原部分，本研究歸納出四個青少年展現復原力之面向，第一為個人內在調適，包括正向樂觀、減少負面感受、自我接納與同理；第二為個人外在積極適應，包括逃避或順應、轉移焦點、逃離負面環境；第三為外在環境的支持，包括學校環境支持、同志團體的聯繫、手足及家庭成員支持、其他正式系統的協助；第四為逆境的轉變—家庭負面反應的減少，以促進整體復原過程。
本研究根據上述研究結果，提出實務工作層面建議、學術研究層面建議，實務工作之建議包含提升正式系統對非自願出櫃議題之敏感度、針對拒絕同志子女之家庭提供處遇、應用復原力於同志青少年諮商中；學術研究之建議包含針對同志父母態度轉換歷程之研究、更加關注同志復原力的相關研究。

關鍵字

同志青少年 ； 非自願性出櫃 ； 家庭因應 ； 復原力

並列摘要

Previous studies have indicated that gay and lesbian teenagers often have various factors to consider regarding the subject of coming out. While those who decide to come out can choose the timing and coping strategies, it is difficult for those coming out involuntarily to develop such strategies. This results in them facing challenges presented by their families, such as denial. Since denial of coming out by the family can significantly affect the teenagers’ mental health development, it is critical to study the coming out experience and resilience of gay and lesbian teenagers. Therefore, this study aims to investigate factors associated with gay and lesbian teenagers’ reluctance to come out, the process of involuntary coming out, family coping, the pressure faced and the resilience shown after coming out involuntarily.
This study adopts the narrative research method; after purpose sampling, a total of 12 in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted individually. The results of the research indicate the factors associated with gay and lesbian teenagers’ reluctance to come out: sensing their parents’ unfriendly attitude and imagining the negative consequences; uncertainty if they will be accepted by their parents; and, on the positive side, viewing gay and lesbian as natural identities. The contexts of coming out involuntarily consist of informing reluctantly and being disclosed by others; coming out involuntarily is a dynamic process. Family members’ responses and coping after teenagers come out involuntarily include: parents’ shock, anger, disappointment and self-accusation; parents’ attempts to control the everyday life of their children; parents’ verbal threats and seeking religious intervention; long-term alienation / conflicts occurring in the parent-child relationship. Pressure felt by gay and lesbian teenagers include melancholia, self-deprecation and occurrence of suicide ideation; persistent anger leading to disputes/alienation with parents; sadness and self-blame due to worry about losing parents’ affection; doubts and guilt about their self-identity. Regarding resilience, this study summarizes four domains of resilience; the first is individual internal adjustment, including looking forward, positiveness, reducing negative feelings, self-acceptance and empathy; the second is individual external positive adaptation, including escaping or adjustment, focus changing, running away from a negative environment; the third is seeking support from the external environment, including support from school environment, gay and lesbian community, brothers / sisters and family members, and other formal systems; the fourth is transformation of adversity, reducing negative family response.
Based on the current research results, we suggest that enhancing the sensitivity of formal systems, providing treatment for families rejecting gay and lesbian children, applying resilience in counseling gay and lesbian teenagers, studying the attitudinal transformation process of parents, and focusing more on relevant research concerning the resilience of gays and lesbians.

並列關鍵字

Gay and lesbian teenagers ； coming out involuntarily ； family coping ； resilience

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