國際化與技術創新－台灣製造業與服務業廠商的驗證

Internationalization and Technological Innovation－the Evidence from Manufacture and Service Industries in Taiwan

廖健智(Chien-Chih Liao)

指導教授 ： 林惠玲

國立臺灣大學/社會科學院/經濟學研究所/碩士(2007年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2007.03328

摘要

本文以台灣製造業與服務業廠商為研究對象，利用民國90至91年間，國科會與經濟部共同合作的台灣地區第一次技術創新調查資料，探討國際化與技術創新的關係，其中國際化變數取自經濟部投審會的僑外投資與對外投資資料，以及行政院主計處編製的台灣地區產業關聯表的進出口資料。
首先，我們從競爭的角度出發，經由理論模型的推導，提出下列兩個命題，在實證研究中進行驗證：
命題一：進口和僑外投資的增加，會提高國內市場的競爭程度，促使本國廠商更積極地投入技術創新活動，來增強本身的競爭力。
命題二：出口和對外投資的增加，會提高本國廠商面臨的國際市場競爭壓力，促使本國廠商更積極地投入技術創新活動，來創造本身的優勢。
接著，在實證研究中，我們針對兩種技術創新活動的衡量指標，分別建立不同的迴歸模型進行分析，當被解釋變數為產品的技術創新時，我們使用Probit Model和Logit Model；而當被解釋變數為產品（或製程）的有效專利數時，我們使用Poisson Model和Negative Binomial Model。因此，在本文中我們分析產品的技術創新、產品的有效專利數和製程的有效專利數三條迴歸式的結果，主要結論如下：
（1）國際化變數：觀察所有廠商的實證結果可發現，命題一在三條迴歸式中皆得到了驗證；命題二則只有在產品的技術創新和產品的有效專利數迴歸式中獲得了驗證。從製造業廠商的實證結果來看，命題一在產品的技術創新和產品的有效專利數迴歸式中得到了驗證；命題二則只有在產品的有效專利數迴歸式中獲得了驗證。就服務業廠商的實證結果而言，命題一在製程的有效專利數迴歸式中得到了驗證；命題二則在產品的技術創新迴歸式中獲得了驗證。總而言之，命題一大致上獲得較多的驗證，由此可見進口和僑外投資對技術創新的解釋能力較出口和對外投資來得高。
（2）研發相關變數：研發支出密度的係數在產品的技術創新迴歸式為正，在製程的有效專利數迴歸式則為負，這可能是因為我們未考慮落後期的變數，才造成如此完全相反的結果。研發合作在三條迴歸式中都有顯著的正效果，可見參與研發合作能夠促進雙方技術的交流，激發出更多技術創新的成果。內部自行研發對產品的技術創新和產品的有效專利數有顯著的正影響，所以相對於購買技術而言，其較有助於產品的技術創新活動。
（3）廠商特質變數：關於廠商規模對技術創新活動的影響，我們發現小型企業和大型企業相對於超小型企業在技術創新上稍具優勢。技術人員比例則顯示員工素質愈高的廠商，愈有能力從事製程的技術創新活動。外界資助對產品的技術創新和產品的有效專利數有顯著的正影響，而對製程的有效專利數則有顯著的負影響。在所有廠商的三條迴歸式中，服務業廠商皆有顯著的負效果，這表示製造業廠商的技術創新誘因較高。
（4）受阻因素變數：觀察三種受阻因素的效果，可發現廠商的技術創新活動主要是受到經濟因素和公司內部因素的阻礙。
（5）資訊來源變數：在四種資訊來源變數中，內部來源和市場來源較能夠提供廠商有用的技術創新資訊，而學術研究來源則是以提供廠商生產技術方面的資訊為主。

關鍵字

技術創新 ； 國際化 ； 外人投資 ； 對外投資 ； 進口 ； 出口

並列摘要

This study examines the relationship between Internationalization and Technological Innovation, using Taiwanese firms in manufacture and service industries. The data come from the Taiwan Technological Innovation Survey which is jointly collected by the National Science Council and the Ministry of Economic Affairs. The data of inward FDI and outward FDI as well as the data of import and export come from the Ministry of Economic Affairs and the D.G.B.A.S. separately.
First, based on competition grounds, we propose two propositions to be verified from theory：
Proposition 1：Increase in import and inward FDI, shall raise competition in the domestic market, driving domestic firms commit into innovation activities more aggressively to enhance its own competencies.
Proposition 2：Increase in export and outward FDI, shall elevate the competitive pressure that domestic firms face in the international market, driving domestic firms commit into innovation activities more aggressively to create competencies of its own.
Next, in the empirical studies, we set up distinctive econometric models for the two indicators of technological innovation activities, respectively. When the explained variable is the technological innovation of products (TIP), we use Probit and Logit models, and when the explained variable is the number of active patents on products (processes) (NAPPd／NAPPc), we use Poisson and Negative Binomial models. The main results of our empirical studies are as follows：
(1) Internationalization variables：Observing from all of the firms, we find that Proposition 1 is confirmed in all three empirical models, while Proposition 2 is only confirmed in TIP and NAPPd. Moreover, Prop. 1 is true in TIP and NAPPd, and Prop. 2 is true in NAPPd for the manufacture industry, while for the service industry, Prop. 1 is true in NAPPc, and Prop. 2 is true in TIP. Overall, Prop. 1 has generally supported more than the other, which means import and inward FDI has much effect on technological innovation.
(2) R&D variables：The effect of R&D intensity on TIP is positive, and on NAPPc is negative. This contrast results happen since we may fail to consider lag variables. On research cooperation, the coefficient is positive in all three models, by this we believe that technological exchange can stimulate more technological innovation. In-house R&D has positive effect on TIP and NAPPd.
(3) Firm specific variables：With regard to the effect of firm size on technological innovation activities, we find that small and large firms have slight advantage on technological innovation compared to micro-small firms. The technical personnel ratio has indicated that firms with higher employee quality have higher NAPPc. Moreover, external financial support has significant positive effect on TIP and NAPPd, and has significant negative effect on NAPPc. Finally, the dummy variable service industry has negative effect in all three models, indicating manufacturing firms have higher incentive to technological innovation.
(4) Discouraging factor：Observing the effect on three discouraging factors, we find that technological innovation activities of firms are mostly hindered by economic factor and firm internal factor.
(5) Information source：In four variables related to information source, internal source and market source are relatively capable of providing firms useful information for technological innovation, whereas academic source mainly provides information for NAPPc.

並列關鍵字

technological innovation ； internationalization ； inward FDI ； outward FDI ； import ； export

參考文獻

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