在環境基準不確定模式下運用GaBi LCA軟體探討水足跡計算方法─以DVD-R光碟片製造為例

Implementing GaBi LCA Software in Water Footprint Calculation under Uncertain Environmental Standards for DVD-R Manufacturing

沈彣穎(Wen-Yin Shen)

指導教授 ： 林長青

淡江大學/管理學院/管理科學學系碩士班/碩士(2012年)

https://doi.org/10.6846/TKU.2012.00511

摘要

近代快速工業化造成全球氣候變化的結果使得環境議題普遍受注目，其中藉由許多統計資料顯示出水資源貧乏問題的擴大，表示政府應將管控用水的想法傳達給消費者，以減緩用水稀少性問題擴大。「水足跡」即為一項衡量淡水資源的指標，是企業逐漸關注的焦點之一，更是許多企業用以揭露用水資訊與提高本身綠色形象的工具。水足跡分為藍色水足跡、綠色水足跡與灰色水足跡三類，前兩項用來表示消耗用水部分，後者係考量生產過程排放汙染物到鄰近水體之最大可容許濃度所需付出的淡水稀釋量，計算方式相較於傳統用水量的差別在於需將無形的水汙染程度算到產品或服務中。
結合生命週期架構及水足跡計算步驟，執行水足跡評估條件是必須取得排放汙染物至鄰近水體本身的位置與標準，此為計算灰色水足跡的重點，但礙於資料不易取得，範疇界定往往僅及於企業中心廠本身且多半僅採取對企業有利之單一水質標準來評估計算整體水足跡，故本研究目的係應用GaBi 5 LCA軟體建立一套完整可操作的水足跡計算模式，此計算方式會納入環保署規定之保護生活環境及人體健康十四項標準，範疇界定考量到原物料投入的部分。本研究將以搖籃到大門階段之DVD光碟裸片為案例，考量上游原料供應商所屬位置之水體環境基準不確定性，嘗試解決此廠商所屬水體等級不確定之情況，運用分析方法，排除不確定情況，並評估最佳與最差之水足跡範圍。
目前LCA軟體尚無內建水足跡指標計算模組，執行計算時本研究所建構之Gabi 5方法模組僅須輸入水體等級、環保法規訂定項目之排放總量值及水體本身自然背景濃度值，經本研究提供之方法計算結果，我們得到從原料開採、運輸、製造到廠內回收階段，一片容量為4.7 G之DVD光碟裸片在供應商所屬位置為陸域地面水體最高等級下，水足跡計算結果為235.5735公斤，再透過水體等級不確定之方法，分析最佳與最差之結果範圍縮小至117.1178 kg。

關鍵字

水足跡 ； 生命週期評估 ； GaBi 5 ； DVD-R光碟片

並列摘要

Rapid industrialization has led to global climate change, raising attention to environmental issues. The problem of water resource shortage shown in various statistical data indicates the government should convey to consumers the idea of water management in order to retard expansion of water scarcity. “Water footprint” is an indicator for measuring scarcity of fresh water. It is a focus gradually concerned by businesses, and many of them use it as a tool for disclosing water resource and enhancing their green image. There are blue, green and grey water footprints. The former two are used to indicate water consumed by production. The last considers the amount of diluted fresh water required for maximum tolerable concentration of discharging pollutants to nearby waters; its calculation, compared to traditional water usage, must include intangible degree of water pollution in production of product or service.
The location and standard of pollutants discharged to nearby waters must be acquired for conducting water footprint assessment by combining calculations of life cycle and water footprint. This is a critical point in calculating grey water footprint. However, the information cannot be easily accessed. Its range is often only within the focal firm of the business, and single water quality criterion beneficial to the business is mostly adopted for assessing the entire water footprint. The purpose of this study is to apply GaBi 5 LCA software in establishment of an integrated and operable water footprint calculation model. This model will be included in the fourteen criteria for life environment and human health protection stipulated by EPA, and its range will extend to raw material production. A DVD of cradle-to-gate will be used as an example in this study for considering the uncertainty water environment where up-stream material supplier is located, settling the situation of the supplier’s uncertain water grade, exercising analysis, excluding uncertainties, and assessing the range between optimal and worse water footprint.
Current LCA software is without built-in calculation model of water footprint indicator. The Gabi 5 model developed by this study requires only input of water grade, total emission stipulated by EPA, and natural concentration of the water. We must include phases from raw material exploitation, transportation and manufacture to in-firm recycling. For a 4.7 G DVD, of which supplier is located at highest land surface water grade, the water footprint is 235.5735 kg. The method of uncertain water grade is then applied, and analysis of optimal and worse results narrows the range to 117.1178 kg.

並列關鍵字

Water Footprint ； Life Cycle Assessment ； GaBi 5 ； DVD-R

參考文獻

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