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  • 學位論文

宋元詩學筆法術語研究

The research of Song Yuan poetics writing technique terminology

指導教授 : 陳文華

摘要


「筆法」一詞,向來為古文評論者所使用,像是提到桐城派古文的寫作法時,往往就以「古文筆法」四字連用,甚至,在今人的研究論著之中,對於詩歌的研究,也往往以「古文筆法」的名義進行析論,不過,就筆者的考察,「筆法」一詞之使用,在詩學論著的使用裡,早在北宋時期就已經出現,雖然「筆法術語」的實質發展,要到南宋才有進一步的運用,但在北宋及北宋以前,對於「筆法」──寫作手法──的內涵已經有十分長期的蘊釀與認知,就此一發展的歷史脈絡來看,在南宋以前「詩學筆法」正是有其實卻無其名的。即此進行觀察,可知詩學之中自有一套完足的「筆法」觀念,尚不須仰賴所謂深具普遍性的「古文筆法」。 我們進一步追究「詩學筆法」的根源,其實它應該是發源於書法理論裡的觀念及用語,並且襲而用之,像是唐代李世民的〈筆法訣〉,就是書論中最早運用「筆法」一詞的書法論著,其後,宋人才逐漸將之移用到詩學討論之中。再進一步追蹤書論之中「筆法」一詞的形成軌跡,我們發現早在漢代的書論裡,就已經對「筆法」的實質義涵有過相當深刻的討論。換句話說,「筆法」原型意義的發生,在漢代蔡邕的〈九勢〉裡已經具備了探討「用筆規則」或「用筆技巧」的相關「筆法」內容了。對此,歷代的書論家如王羲之、釋智果、衛鑠等等,都有相關的闡發與說明,甚至,在唐代漸漸形成一種「法」的意識與重視。但是,「筆法」之名,一直要到李世民的〈筆法訣〉出現,才正式的歸納種種「用筆規則」或「用筆技巧」,進而提出了「筆法」這個名詞。 再深入追索「筆法」的涵義,這時候的「筆法」一詞,除了「用筆規則」或者「用筆技巧」的內容以外,還對字體「結構」的安排具有深刻的意義。關於這一點,尤其表現在各種書體結構所形成的「勢」上。其後,由於藝術審美要求以及使用工具類同的關係,「筆法」這個詞彙漸漸的被移入到繪畫理論中使用,至於「筆法」一語被移植到文學的領域,尤其是在詩學的範圍裡,則是宋代以後的事。 從本篇的研究來看,首先推求出「筆法」意義的源頭,進而釐清它從書論移植到詩論中的過程與關鍵。其次,透過「筆法」的「法」觀念,上推六朝時期並歸納出的「通變」、「貫一」、「練擇」三大原則,並且藉由唐人詩格的內容,一一落實這些原則的可能性。第三,就兩宋與元代的「筆法觀念」與「筆法術語」運用,進行一次爬梳整理的工作,從各個「家數」之中,找到「筆法術語」的關鍵發生點。第四,整理總結有宋一代與元代的「詩學筆法」術語,多達十八種,其中並不包含異名同實的諸多術語。第五,再就這些「筆法術語」加以分析,提出一種新的分類形式,從術語的「獨用性」與「相聯性」,標舉出「獨用成法」與「相聯成法」的分類方式。

關鍵字

宋元詩學 筆法 術語

並列摘要


The word of “writing technique” , always uses for the classical Chinese literature commentator, just likely mentions the tongcheng classical Chinese literature time the writing law, often four characters is used together by “the classical Chinese literature writing technique”.Even, in people of our time's research, also often by “classical Chinese literature writing technique” the name carries on analyzes theory. However, on author's inspection, “writing technique” use of the word, in the poetics is discussing in the use, as early as already appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty time, although “writing technique terminology” substantive development, must arrive at the Southern Song Dynasty only then to have the further utilization, but before the Northern Song Dynasty and Northern Song Dynasty, regarding “writing technique” the connotation already had long-term brewing and the cognition.Looked on this development's historical vein, before the Southern Song Dynasty “the poetics writing technique” is precisely has actually does not have its actually. We further investigate “the poetics writing technique” root, actually it should be the origin in the calligraphy theory idea and the terminology, and raids uses it. Is likely Tang Dynasty Li Shimin’s “Bi Fa Je”, is the book discusses utilizes “the writing technique” a word calligraphy to discuss most early. After that the Song talented person will divert to another use during gradually the poetics discussion. Further traces the book discusses “the writing technique” the formation path in again. We discovered in as early as discusses in Han Dynasty's book. Already was right “the writing technique” substantive righteousness contains has had the quite profound discussion. In other words, “writing technique” prototype significance occurrence, in had already had the discussion in Han Dynasty Cai Yong or “uses the pen skill” “with the pen rule” related “the writing technique” the content. Regarding this, all previous dynasties book discusses family like Wang Xizhi, to release the wisdom fruit, Wei Shuo and so on,has related explaining with to explain. Even, forms one kind gradually in the Tang Dynasty “the law” consciousness and takes seriously. Presses for payment “the writing technique” thoroughly again implication,the“writing technique”, besides or “uses the pen skill” “with the pen rule” content, also to typeface “structure” the arrangement has the profound significance. Especially the performance in each kind of calligraphy style structure forms “potential” . After that because artistic esthetic request as well as use tool similar relations, “the writing technique” this glossary gradually is moved in uses to the drawing theory. A language is transplanted as for “the writing technique” to the literature domain, particularly in poetics scope, is the Song Dynasty later matter. Looking from this research, first inquires into “the writing technique” the significance source, then defines clearly it to discuss from the book transplants to the poetics in the process and the key. Next, by “writing technique” “the law” the idea, on pushes the Six Dynasties time and induces “passes changes”, “passes through one”, “practices selects” three big principles, and because of the Chinese rules of poetry's content, carries out these principles the possibility. Third, two Song and the Yuan Dynasty “the writing technique idea” and “the writing technique terminology” the utilization, carries on one time puts in order the reorganization the work, from each “the family number”, finds “the writing technique terminology” the key has the spot. Fourth, reorganizes the summary to have Song one generation with the Yuan Dynasty “the poetics writing technique” the terminology, reaches 18 kinds, does not contain the different name with the solid many terminology. Fifth, “the writing technique terminology” analyzes again on these, proposed that one kind of new classified form, from the terminology “individual” and “the associativity”, the sign points out “alone and “connects the law” with the established law” the classified way.

參考文獻


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被引用紀錄


蓋琦紓(2015)。宋代江西詩法與評點文法之交涉及其意義——以《童蒙詩訓》、《古文關鍵》為中心國文學報(58),99-127。https://doi.org/10.6239%2fBOC.201512.04

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