- 學位論文
日本女性的非典型雇用問題與政策之探討
Female Non-regular Employment and Policy in Japan
摘要
在日本，非典型雇用於1980年後持續擴大。此為先進國家共通之現象，而這被認為是經濟全球化及產業構造變化等所造成之結果。在日本，非典型受雇者中將近七成為女性。而正在就業的女性中，兼職及打工比例最高，約占了四成。因此，針對這個族群老後的社會保障政策之改革，有不少論證與主張引起了公眾的關注。 非典型受雇者的問題主要在於工作的不穩定性。他們不知何時會被解僱，或者換句話說，是否會無預期失業。隨著失業者人數攀升，隨之衍生的社會問題也會跟著增加。再者，非典型受雇者也面臨收入不足及生活水準低落等問題。最重要的是，比起典型受雇者，他們沒有可靠的未來保障，隨著年齡增長，工作風險必然升高，生活也會變得更加困難。因此，針對其種種問題，提出有效政策實為當務之急。 為理解非典型雇用之經濟學特徵，本研究整理出以「資訊不完整」前提為基礎的勞動經濟學理論，並探討長期雇用及非典型雇用之關係。接著觀察分析日本非典型雇用之現狀，最後檢討與非典型受雇者相關之社會保障政策。為利於非典型受雇者，本研究特著重於擴大年金受惠對象之政策。
並列摘要
Non-regular Employment has constantly increased in Japan since 1980. This tendency, which is common among leading countries, is thought to result from issues such as economic globalization and structural changes of industries. Females make up around 70 percent of Non-regular Employees in Japan. Moreover, most of the women currently in employment are working part-time or simultaneously doing more jobs than one. This group occupies approximately 40 percent of the Japanese female labor force. Arguments over the reform of Social Welfare Policies for their old age have therefore drawn great attention among the public. The primary concern of Non-regular Employees is the instability of employment. They are not certain when they will be dismissed, or in other words, if they will lose their jobs unexpectedly. With the increasing number of unemployed people, consequent social problems arise. Also, Non-regular Employees are confronted with meager income and living of a low standard. Most crucial of all, they are given a shaky guarantee of the future. Job risks are bound to rise and their life will definitely turn tougher as they grow older. In view of these issues, there is an urgent need for effective solutions and government policies. To understand the economic features of Non-regular Employment, this research sorts out a theory of labor economics based on incomplete information and examines the relation between Long-term Employment and Non-regular Employment. Next, the status quo of Non-regular Employment in Japan is observed and analyzed. Comments on Japanese Policy of Social Welfare concerning Non-regular Employees are added. For the good of Non-regular Employees, this research lays central emphasis on pension schemes that honor expanding applicability.