肯亞奈洛比丹多拉垃圾場之戴奧辛流佈評估

Assessment of Dioxin Distribution from the Dandora dump site, Kenya

卡逸影(Stephanie Kasaon)

指導教授 ： 曾昭衡

國立臺北科技大學/工程學院/環境工程與管理研究所/碩士(2013年)

https://doi.org/10.6841/NTUT.2013.00226

摘要

肯亞奈洛比(Nairobi, Kenya)是非洲緩慢工業化中的一個都市。由於缺乏有效率的廢棄物管理系統，導致短期與長期人體健康及整體環境受到負面衝擊的可能性很高。在廣大而人口眾多的奈洛比都會區中，丹多拉(Dandora)是全國最大的垃圾棄置場。位於奈洛比東部，丹多拉垃圾場的面積隨著都市垃圾的增加而穩定成長。垃圾場露天燃燒會排放戴奧辛進入環境。由於都市垃圾收集層面不夠廣泛、數量也不足，導致經常有非法棄置垃圾事件，資源回收比例也偏低。肯亞政府將在奈洛比盧艾(Ruai)設置一個新的衛生掩埋場，以降低丹多拉露天垃圾場的垃圾棄置量。本研究探究丹多拉垃圾場廢棄物燃燒產生的戴奧辛流佈，並提出不同的廢棄物管理改善情境，最後分析環境介質與生物體中戴奧辛濃度的變化
本研究使用RAIDAR模式來估算目前人體的戴奧辛每日攝取量(total daily intake, TDI)。RAIDAR Level II與Level III模式模擬戴奧辛TDI結果為6.69E-01 pg kg-1 day-1與98.6 pg kg-1 day-1。而假設棄置場垃圾若未分類就全數燃燒，模式模擬戴奧辛TDI將會增加約89%。另外假設棄置場燃燒垃圾量若減少50%且資源回收量增加30%，則戴奧辛TDI將會降低約50%。盧艾衛生掩埋場的設置，可減少露天棄置場垃圾量50%，進而減少露天燃燒量，可降低戴奧辛TDI約74%。若增加資源回收量30%，並減少棄置場圾量50%，可降低戴奧辛TDI約47%。結果顯示妥善廢棄物處理與環境中戴奧辛濃度減量有所關聯。

關鍵字

戴奧辛 ； 肯亞 ； 廢棄物管理 ； 垃圾場

並列摘要

Nairobi, a slowly industrializing country in Africa, Kenya, lacks an effective waste management system leading to high possibilities of negative short and long-term impacts on human health and the environment in general. Among the vast urban sprawl of Nairobi lies the country’s biggest open dumpsite – Dandora. Located in Nairobi East lands, it is a steadily growing field of rubbish, planted forcefully with the city’s increasing waste products. Waste incineration activities in this dump site contribute to the release of dioxins into the environment. There is proliferation of illegal dump sites in the city; these numerous dumpsites point to the low collection service delivery levels. In addition, there is very little recycling. A new sanitary landfill at Ruai, Nairobi is set to be commissioned which will reduce the waste disposed at Dandora open dump site. This paper assesses the dioxin distribution from waste burning at the Dandora dump site and proposes different scenarios towards improving waste management, observing the consequent dioxin concentration levels in the environmental media and biota.
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The RAIDAR model was used to calculate the estimates of current Total Daily Intake (TDI) levels. RAIDAR Level II and Level III simulations estimated values were 6.69x10-1pg/kg-day and 98.6 pg/kg-day respectively. It was observed that if the dioxin emissions from the indiscriminate burning of improperly disposed wastes are considered in the modeling calculations, TDI levels will increase by approximately 89%. It was also observed that if waste burnt at the Dandora dump site is reduced by 50% and recycling levels increased by 30%, the TDI levels will reduce by approximately 50%. A reduction in the amount of wastes disposed at the open dumpsite by 50% due to the opening of Ruai sanitary landfill while reducing the burning of wastes at the open dump site will result in a decrease in TDI levels by approximately 74%. Increasing recycling levels by 30% while reducing the amount of waste disposed at Dandora dump site by 50% will result in a reduction in TDI by 47%. These results imply that proper waste management correlates with the reduction of dioxins released into the environment.

並列關鍵字

Dioxin ； Kenya ； Waste Management ； Dump Sites

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