供應鏈資訊分享於隨機模式之探討

The Study of Information Sharing in a Stochastic Supply Chain Model

林宇軒(Yu-Hsuan Lin)

指導教授 ： 陳雲岫

元智大學/工程學院/工業工程與管理學系/碩士(2009年)

摘要

在現今供應鏈組織裡，各成員仍是以自身獲得最大利益為首要考量，容易造成成員間不良的協調，導致「長鞭效應」的現象發生，這樣的衝擊將會造成供應鏈組織的成本上升及不良的顧客服務。若要有效地將商流、金流、產品流和資訊流予以統整，並進而降低「長鞭效應」的衝擊，成員間資訊分享，是解決方案之ㄧ。如此可將資訊透明化，讓上下游廠商都能掌握彼此的資訊，使整體供應鏈運作得以發揮最大功用。
本研究主要探討供應鏈之成員，在無資訊分享模式與完全資訊分享模式下，整體總系統成本的比較。研究對象是一個三階層供應鏈，零售商、製造商和運輸商；研究模式是在分散決策制定下，即所謂的無資訊分享，假設零售商需求率是服從均勻分配，產生最佳的補貨時程，並驅動上游製造商和運輸商完成產品的製造和運送；而另一方面，在中心決策制定下，亦即所謂的完全資訊分享，透過發展單一成員的總系統補貨模型，主要目標是使整體系統成本最小化，並產生整體系統的最佳補貨時程。
本研究主要目的，是將三階層供應鏈建構成本模式後，透過需求率服從均勻分配，長時間觀察無資訊分享和完全資訊分享對供應鏈總成本的影響程度。另外，本研究亦進行不同情境下成本對於參數改變的敏感度分析。在數據分析過程中，當需求率服從均勻分配後，迭代次數愈多，不論是在無資訊分享或完全資訊分享，總系統平均成本將開始趨於穩定。在敏感度分析的部份，對零售商每單位訂購設置成本、製造商每單位製造成本和運輸商每單位運送成本之參數進行調整，發現不論是在無資訊分享和完全資訊分享下，總系統平均成本會隨著零售商每單位設置成本、製造商每單位製造成本和運輸商每單位用送成本的增加而增加。整體而言，對於需求率服從均勻分配的條件下，研究結果顯示，完全資訊分享下的總系統平均成本，會比無資訊分享下的總系統平均成本來的低。

關鍵字

長鞭效應；資訊分享；資訊未分享；供應鏈

並列摘要

Nowadays, the members in the supply chain always consider their individual benefits from a traditional structure viewpoint of supply chain. However, bullwhip effect may easily displace the demand from the real one. This phenomenon may result in large distortion in the members of supply chain, high costs and poor customer service. Aggregating the information flow, money flow, business flow and production flow to prevent from “Bullwhip Effect” is one efficient approach, so called information sharing. If the information shared among all members in the supply chain, then upstream member could not only realize the downstream member’s need but also reduce the bullwhip effect generated by blindness.
The purpose of this research is to study costs of the difference between information sharing and no information sharing in a supply chain. We consider a structure involving three members, retailer, manufacturer and transporter in supply chain. We assume that the demand rate follows a uniform distribution between (0, 1) and set two scenarios in our study. One scenario is concerning decentralized policy, named as NI (no information sharing), with which the retailer generates the optimal schedule provoking the manufacturer and transporter to instantly accomplish the manufacturing and transportation. The other scenario focuses on centralized concept, referred as FI (full information sharing), for which the system coordinated replenishment model with minimizing total cost of whole system. Besides comparing the system’s costs between two scenarios in a long term, we also investigate the sensitive analysis based on various parameter setting.
Numerical study shows that the total cost of whole system reaches stable and convergent when the replications are near 100,000 times. For the sensitive analysis, we could observe that if we try to adjust the parameters, like the ordering setup cost of the retailer, per unit cost of manufacturing and per unit cost of transportation. The cost of whole system will be increased obviously. In conclusion, the total cost of NI system is larger than the one of FI system under uniformly demand rate assumption.

並列關鍵字

Bullwhip effect ； Information sharing ； No information sharing ； Supply chain

參考文獻

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