「踩不停的電動裁縫車」---家庭成衣代工婦女的工作與家務經驗

本文主要探討家庭成衣工婦女在家從事成衣代工與家務工作的經驗。婦女在家踩平車的價值，容易因為薪水不多而被視為不重要的工作；家務工作被視為婦女在家工作的主要任務，因此造成家庭成衣代工婦女的工作價值被低估。如何看待婦女踩平車的新資價值是本文問題意識之一；其次要討論婦女們協商成衣代工與家務工作的方式及在家工作認同對她們的工作經驗影響。本文採用Glucksmann 的TSOL（Total social organization of labour）理論，強調不同工作間的關係為社會結構、時間空間所影響。使用質性研究訪談法，訪談10位家庭成衣代工婦女後的研究發現如下：以「貼補家用」的說法看待在家做成衣代工的薪資意義是不夠的，還需考慮婦女在家從事各項工作的無形價值，才能呈現家庭成衣代工婦女們在家工作的全貌。婦女們在家的工作經驗是性別化的。時間經驗及工作安排受到妻子/母親的再生產角色影響。為了照顧家人而在家做成衣代工，家務事與成衣代工的安排與時間分配先要滿足家人與代工頭的需求。在家工作不僅讓婦女面對時間壓力，也沒有時間從事個人興趣。為了兼顧成衣代工與家務工作，婦女們得與家人協商家務工作得進行。家務工作的協商方式與婦女的工作認同有關，認同為家庭主婦者傾向處理大部分的家事，部分婦女平時會要求子女做家事，但與家人對家務工作的責任認定不同時，會造成她們與家人間的衝突；認同為專業工作者的婦女，家務工作的時間或標準都較前兩類婦女為低，她們面對的矛盾在於無法做個稱職的好母親。從上述研究發現，家庭成衣代工婦女的工作經驗無法以公/私領域、有給/無酬的二元架構來個別分析。產業結構的變化、子女的年紀、婚姻狀態等因素的交互影響，使其工作經驗呈現複雜多樣的面貌。

關鍵字

家庭成衣代工；在家工作；家務工作；時間；空間

並列摘要

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the experiences of women manufacturing clothing at home while also doing domestic work. As the pay for manufacturing clothing at home is not much, the work and its value are often regarded as insignificant. Domestic work is viewed as the main task of women working at home, so the value of their work is easily underestimated. How to look at the monetary value of the clothing manufacturing work done on sewing machines at home is one of the focuses of this paper. Secondly, this paper aims to discuss (1) the way women coordinate clothing manufacturing work with domestic work, and (2) how they identify their work at home, which impacts on their work experience. This paper adopted Glucksmann’s TSOL (Total Social Organization of Labor) Theory, putting an emphasis on the relationships between different types of work that are affected by the social structure, time, and space. Using a qualitative research interview method, 10 women doing clothing manufacturing work at home were interviewed. The findings are as follows: Aside from the “additional income for the family” provided by a female manufacturing clothing at home, it is difficult to evaluate the worth of the woman because it is hard to put a price on her intangible contribution in the various domestic tasks she accomplishes. Nonetheless these should be considered. The experience of women working at home is colored by their sexual roles. Their reproductive roles as wife and mother make it necessary for them to allocate their time and organize their jobs accordingly. As these women choose to work at home in order to be able to take care of the family simultaneously, their time for clothing manufacturing and their time for domestic chores must be apportioned in such a way as to fulfill the needs of both their boss and their family members. Working at home not only creates time-related pressure on them but also makes it more difficult for them to have any time to pursue their own personal interests. In order to both take care of domestic chores while manufacturing clothing at home, these women have to consult with their family members and get them to agree to share the domestic work. How the female identifies with her work at home will determine how the domestic chores will be coordinated. Those who see themselves as mainly housewives tend to take on almost all of the domestic work themselves. Some women require the children to share the burden of domestic work, but this may cause conflict between them and create additional emotional stress for the women when the family members disagree. Those who view themselves as professional workers in clothing manufacturing spend less hours in domestic work and the standards they set for these are relatively lower compared to the abovementioned types of women. However, the conflict they face is in their not being able to be good mothers. Based on the above mentioned, this study discovered that the experience of woman working at home manufacturing clothing can not be analyzed specifically using the rigid binary framework of public vs. private domain and between work with pay and work with no salary. Variables, such as changes in industrial structure, children's age, marital status, etc., all contribute to the various and complicated facets of the experience of their work.