藝術的顛覆性及其社會價值：馬庫色《美學的面向》之研究

The Subversion of Art and its Social Value: A Study of The Aesthetic Dimension by Herbert Marcuse

周映劭(Ying-Shao Chou)

指導教授 ： 廖仁義

國立臺北藝術大學/文化資源學院學術論文/博物館研究所碩士班/碩士(2016年)

摘要

一九六八年紐約時報稱馬庫色為：「歷來哲學家中在世時對其時代發揮最大影響力的一位」。其思想在六、七○年代的美國蔚為風潮，本文透過馬庫色生平最後一本著作、也是唯一的一本美學專書《美學的面向》探究其美學觀，進一步剖析「藝術顛覆性」這一概念在其理論中的生成脈絡，以及對當代藝術所產生之影響。
身為法蘭克福學派一九三三至一九六○年代間主要代表人物之一，馬庫色對資本主義社會提出犀利的批判，描繪在社會體制宰制與文化工業的環伺之下，人們的感性逐漸枯竭、生命變得平面，也失去反抗的意志與勇氣。馬庫色以哲學視角的人文關懷提出人性解放為對抗手段。若人人皆可自我解放，解除體制壓迫所造成的疏離異化，繼而起身反抗，便可有效阻撓專制體制的生成。而藝術被馬庫色視為達成人性解放的最佳途徑。藝術取材於現實世界，因其顛覆性而召喚出人們心中對於美與幸福的渴望，對現實生活提出控訴的同時，並投射出了超越現實且更臻至理想的世界。這一根基於生活經驗卻又顛覆生活經驗的辯證性，使人們從既存的世界中解放，反諸自身並觀望現實。
馬庫色更談及當代藝術與新的藝術表現方式，新藝術不再窠臼於過往藝術形式的桎梏，進而找尋一種透過人的主體所感知的現實，並非再探究過去的舊有結構與法則；這樣的驅動力亦可牽引人們新感性的爆發，突圍工具理性社會給予我們的限制與感性壓抑。本文透過杜象與波依斯兩位現代與當代藝術家的顛覆性思想及作品描述，解析藝術顛覆性與社會間的關聯，探究藝術顛覆性如何在當代持續成為讓人保持反思與反抗的媒介。

關鍵字

馬庫色 ； 當代藝術 ； 美學的面向 ； 藝術顛覆性

並列摘要

In 1968, the New York Times announced Herbert Marcuse as “the most important philosopher alive”. His ideology has been an unmistakable trend in the US during the 60’s and the 70’s. This research applied his last and the only book focuses on aesthetic, “The Aesthetic Dimension”, to discover his thoughts of aesthetic. The aim is to dissect the forming context of the concept “the subversion of art” in his theory and to analyze the ongoing influence on the development of contemporary art.
Being one of the most presented theorists of the Frankfurt School during 1933 to 1960’s, Marcuse had made incisive critiques toward Capitalism society. He depicted how people’s sensibility was dying and lives become one-dimensioned while losing their will and courage to revolt under the dominant social institution and cultural industry. Through a philosophical humanism perspective, Marcuse proposed human liberation as a tool of revolt. If everyone achieves self-liberation, removes and rises against alienation and estrangement caused by established society, the formation of dictatorship would be effectively dissolved. Art is seen by Marcuse as the best approach to human liberation. Art grows from reality, calls desires of beauty and happiness through its subversiveness. While indicating the real life, art also projects in itself an ideal and transcending world. The dialectics that rooted in yet overthrown the living experiences have liberated people from existing world, lead to self-reflexivity and observation of reality.
Contemporary art and new modes of art expression also appealed to Marcuse. Instead of holding onto the old structures and principles, the new art breaks free from the past forms, followed by the pursuit of a reality discovered through subjectivity of human. Moreover, this drive could lead people toward explosions of new sensibility and breaking from limitations and oppressions given by society of instrumental reason. This study analyzes the relation between the subversion of art and society through examples of subversive thoughts and works by two world-known artists: Marcel Duchamp and Joseph Beuys. The aim is to discuss how the subversion of art continually becomes inter-medias that make people reflect and rebel.

並列關鍵字

Herbert Marcuse ； Contemporary Art ； The Aesthetic Dimension ； The Subversion of Art

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