博物館展示中的族群意識觀－以新加坡土生文化館為例

The Notion of Ethnicity in Museum Exhibition: A Case Study of Singapore Peranakan Museum

陳威廷(Wei-ting Chen)

指導教授 ： 王嵩山

國立臺北藝術大學/文化資源學院學術論文/博物館研究所碩士班/碩士(2013年)

https://doi.org/10.6835/TNUA.2013.00105

摘要

「土生華人」為華人男子移民至東南亞，與本地土著女子通婚的後裔，隨著歷史脈絡的發展，「土生華人」逐漸構成東南亞華人群體多樣性的一部分。1819年萊佛士代表英國東印度公司在新加坡開埠，實施自由貿易的重商政策，「土生華人」取得先佔之勢而累積大量財富，於殖民時期具有較高的社經地位，與殖民政府關係良好。二次戰後以至新加坡獨立，「土生華人」家族逐漸衰退，物件大量被拋棄或流入古物市場變賣，價值低廉而乏人問津。直至1980年代後，在文化觀光與政策的推動下，新加坡的博物館建置蓬勃發展，國立博物館機構透過土生華人物件的蒐藏，以兩種展示概念的取徑構成相關的常設展示，土生華人物件的「價值」也隨之水漲船高。直至2008年土生文化館的成立，土生華人文化被賦予更多的詮釋空間與脈絡。
土生文化館作為一間「國立的」博物館，再現的是對土生華人文化的理解與想像，強調的是物質文化的象徵性與意義，隱含的是「新加坡文化」與「國家認同」的具體化，其又涉及到，多元文化主義與族群融合的概念，能在土生華人物質文化中被表述與彰顯。因此本論文指出，土生華人物質文化的展示，構成族群意識觀點建構的兩種型態，在族群與國家認同建構之間建立新的關係，一方面呈現出國家意識型態影響下所欲強調的多元文化社會的樣貌，以「Peranakans」的概念與精神，使土生華人文化成為新加坡文化的一種範式與具體化的表徵，凸顯新加坡的國家性質與認同，另一方面博物館也再創造了新的文化形式，被視為土生華人文化真確性的一個面向，繼而能影響族群意識的凝聚。

關鍵字

土生文化館、土生華人、博物館展示、族群意識觀、國家認同

並列摘要

The Peranakan Chinese, the descendants of Chinese males migrated to Southeast Asia and intermarried with local women, has becoming part of the variety of Chinese communities in Southeast Asia as the historical contexts developed. In 1819, Sir Stamford Raffles, the agent of the British East India Company, set up a free trading post in Singapore and carried out the mercantilist policy. Taken the advantageous position, the Peranakan Chinese seized the opportunities to accumulate wealth during the colonial period. They eventually achieved better social status and good relationships with the colonial government. However, from Second World War to Singapore’s independence, the Peranakan Chinese families gradually declined and given up much of their “objects” to junk markets for sale. These objects decreased in value and were out of buyers’ eyes.
After 1980s, constructions of museums in Singapore were promoted through cultural tourism and policies. The national museums collected Peranakan objects and constructed the permanent exhibitions along with two concepts. There has been an increase in “value”of Peranakan objects correspondingly. While the Peranakan Museum established in 2008, Peranakan culture has been given more interpretable ranges and contexts. The Peranakan Museum as a “national” museum represents the understanding and imagining of the Peranakan culture, emphasizes the symbol and meaning of material culture and implies the embodiment of “Singapore culture” and “national identity”. Additionally, it involves the concepts of Multiculturalism and Ethnic Harmony, which were expressed and manifested in Peranakan material culture.This paper discusses the two styles which construct the notion of ethnicity in Peranakan material culture exhibitions and form the new relationship between the ethnic and national identity. On one hand, the exhibitions present the multicultural society with the influence of a national ideology. They are based on concepts and spirits of “Peranakans” to make Peranakan culture a kind of model and an embodied representation; they also highlight the national character and identity in Singapore. On the other hand, Peranakan museum has created a new cultural form which is considered an aspect of cultural authenticity and affects the bringing together of the ethnicity of the “Peranakans”.

並列關鍵字

Peranakan Museum, Peranakan, Museum exhibition, the notion of ethnicity, national identity

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