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  • 學位論文

從觀音山石佛遺緒看日本巡禮文化

From the legacy of Kuanyin Mountain Stone Buddhato view the Japanese pilgrimage culture

指導教授 : 林保堯
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摘要


因宗教信仰而創造的佛像是佛教精神的直接表徵。日本的石佛文化反應出其石頭崇拜和信仰的喜好,石佛信仰是非常典型的日本庶民信仰,小石佛在日本隨處可見。巡禮,則是一種結合旅行和信仰,巡拜聖地的宗教行為。千餘年前日本發展出屬於自己文化的多種宗教巡拜儀式,其中最為著名和傳承最久,則屬「西國三十三觀音巡禮」。此種宗教傳統,也隨日本殖民統治傳入台灣。伴隨巡禮文化的推行,其象徵物-巡禮石佛,也隨之一批批送來台灣。不僅在日本移民村中是日人重要的信仰象徵,日本在台民眾也會自發地將此種信仰方式移植到台灣,因此在台灣各地可見到系統性的石佛群,如西國三十三觀音巡禮石佛或是四國八十八遍路寺院的巡禮石佛等。單尊石佛也因各種因素為人所置放,常見有觀音、地藏、不動明王…等不同種類的石佛。觀音山凌雲禪寺是台灣第一個日本西國三十三所的地方靈場,設立之初,沿路擺放了33尊觀音石佛。然而宗教是一種由下往上,從民間自然紮根的力量,這種日本傳承千年的庶民信仰,短短五十年很難深植於台灣。隨著統治的結束,在台灣沒有文化基底的石佛,其存在與否自然乏人問津。因破壞、損毀或流入私人收藏等,石佛將隨著時間逐漸消失在這塊土地上。為了進一步感受或瞭解日本的巡禮文化,筆者於2009年實際走訪西國三十三所觀音靈場中的23個寺院,觀察迄今仍盛行於日本關西地區的巡拜儀式,也到四國地區真實觀看遍路文化。無論是巡禮的儀式過程,還是大量的巡禮石佛造型,皆能做為研究在台石佛遺緒之基礎概念。有形的東西或會消失,但歷史的軌跡卻無處不在,筆者希望能透過文字的記載,照片的印證,或從一些斷壁殘垣,經由吾人的追尋與努力,希望仍能拼湊還原出屬於這個土地的歷史。

並列摘要


The statues created in Buddhist faith directly characterizes the spirit of Buddhism. The stone Buddha culture in Japan reflects the preferences of worship and belief of its stone. The stone Buddha is a very typical Japanese symbol of religious faith and can be seen commonly in Japan. The pilgrimage is a combination of travel and beliefs, in practice of giving thanks to the holy land’s religious behavior. More than a thousand years ago, the Japanese developed their own culture through a variety of religious parade worship ceremonies. One such famous ceremony with the longest heritage is the “Saigoku-Sanjuusansho”. Such religious traditions also made its way to Taiwan with the Japanese colonial rule (Japanese Colonial Era). Its symbols which included the Parade Stone Buddha, and a number of other statues, along with the implementation of the pilgrimage culture, were brought to Taiwan. Basic religion is derived from the deeply rooted beliefs of the common people rather them from their government. Building similar roots within 50 years of practice would prove difficult in Taiwan. With the end of the rule, because there were no deeply rooted stone Buddha heritage in Taiwan, its continued religious existence in question. Stones that are damaged, or placed in private collections, will gradually disappear over time. Tangible things may disappear, but historical memories remain, the author hopes to preserve this memory through the study of written historical records, photographs, and stone remains. Along with others, the author hopes to assist in the effort to piece together and restore what belongs to the history of this land.

參考文獻


2001《佛教與建築文化》,臺北市:大千。
參考書目
一、 期刊論文
尹章義等著作
(1997〈五股的宗教與禮俗〉《五股志》。五股鄉公所。

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