緊急沖淋洗眼裝置水質與管理情況評估

Water Quality Investigation and Management Performance of Emergency Shower and Eyewasher

黃柏瑋(Bo-Wei Huang)

指導教授 ： 洪慶宜

長榮大學/健康科學學院/職業安全與衛生學系(所)/碩士(2015年)

https://doi.org/10.6833/CJCU.2015.00042

摘要

有鑑於化學物質作業場所及實驗室內的緊急沖淋洗眼設備運作攸關職場安全衛生，並國內缺乏現場查核相關研究，本研究初步查核南部事業單位及各級學校實驗室緊急沖淋洗眼設備，目的在評估沖流水水質與設備設置及管理情形的關連性，並據以提出建議方案。
本研究共查核52組緊急沖淋洗眼設備，進行設備設置情形、設備功能、管理情形、水質等調查。其中22組位於事業單位，30組位於學校實驗室；設備類型有複合式裝置48組，手持沖淋洗眼設備4組。大多數設備水源為自來水(94 %)。設備平均年齡為9.4年(範圍: 1-24年)，管線材質88%為不鏽鋼材質，18%為鑄鐵材質及4%為塑膠材質。52組查核的緊急沖淋洗眼設備大多數於設置、功能、管理面及水質無法完全符合設備規範。其中，有23組(44 %)設備洗眼噴頭未裝設防塵蓋，顯示洗眼設備噴頭加蓋未落實情形較為嚴重。查核的設備中，多數以四週為一次進行檢點以及放流作業，且有4 %未設有專責管理人。
本研究共採集198個水樣進行水質分析，其中94%餘氯不足，25%濁度過高，60%總異營性細菌超過飲用水質標準。放流一分鐘前後水質差異分析顯示，沖流水餘氯、濁度、導電度、懸浮固體、總異營性細菌呈顯著差異(Wilcoxon sign-rank test, p<0.05)。分析放流前後餘氯濃度與總異營性細菌量的關聯，顯示沖流水餘氯濃度如達飲用水標準(>0.2mg/L)，總異營性細菌檢出量能符合飲用水標準(<100CFU/mL)。水質與管理模式交互分析結果，顯示管理模式非影響水中餘氯及總異營性細菌的決對條件，水源餘氯不足亦是需克服的問題。
另選定特定設備進行不同放流頻率(每七天一次、每三天一次)試驗，結果顯示定期放流能有效改善水質，惟尚無法保持餘氯濃度與總異營性細菌數量符合水質標準。以水中餘氯衰減動力模式模擬沖淋洗眼設備餘氯的變化，亦顯示較常使用的不繡鋼管壁材質及鑄鐵管壁材質於數小時內就會耗盡水中餘氯。
本研究結果可以做為修正沖淋洗眼設備標準與管理指引的重要參考。

關鍵字

緊急沖淋洗眼裝置 ； 化學作業場所安全 ； 實驗室安全

並列摘要

Installation and performance of emergency eyewash and shower stations are critical to occupational safety and health in chemical processing workplaces. Since the stations usually unused for months or years, they may become a reservoir for many waterborne microorganisms and pose a threat to skin-damaged person at the event of chemical exposure. This study therefore aims to sample the flushing water to assess its microbial contamination and other water quality indicators from selective emergency eyewash and shower stations in industries, high schools and colleges in southern Taiwan. Facility assessment checklist was used to evaluate the installation, function, and management routine of the emergency stations. The relationship between characteristics of stations and water quality indicators were analyzed in this study.
The study examined 52 emergency eyewash and shower stations. Twenty-two of them were in industries, while 30 were in school laboratories. Forty-eight of them were eye/face wash and shower combination stations, while 4 were bench drench hose units. Most of the stations used tap water (94%) as the source of water. The age of installation was ranging from 1 to 24 years, with an average of 9.4 year. The pipeline materials varied, with 88% used stainless steel, 18% used cast-iron, and 4% used PVC plastic. There were 44% of the investigated stations without properly equipped with cover on the spray head on eye washer. Most of the stations were claimed to have routine investigation and flushing once per month. There were 4% of investigated stations without assigned maintenance staff. Most of the investigated stations, however, could not meet the guideline requirements on installation, function, and water quality.
One hundred and ninety-eight water samples were collected for the analysis of various water quality indicators. The results showed that 94 % flushing water with insufficient free residual chlorine, 25 % flushing water with higher turbidity and 60 % flushing water with heterotrophic bacteria higher than drinking water standard. One-minute flushing did significantly improve free residual chlorine, turbidity, conductivity, suspended solid, and heterotrophic bacteria content in water (Wilcoxon sign-rank test, p<0.05). The analysis of the relationship between free residual chlorine and heterotrophic bacteria indicated that drinking water standard of heterotrophic bacteria (<100CFU/mL) can be met by maintaining the free residual chlorine at the level of greater than 0.2mg/L of the drinking water standard. However, cross examination of the management routine suggested that free residual chlorine was not only affected by the management routine but also affected by the insufficient concentration in the source of water.
The study also tested how 7-day and 3-day flushing routine affected the water quality on five selected stations. Although water quality did improved by the routine flushing, free residual chlorine and heterotrophic bacteria still did not meet the water quality standard. The kinetic model of free residual chlorine also confirmed that the most used pipeline materials, stainless steel and cast iron, can consume the chlorine within hours at the conditions of the stations being investigated.
The findings of this study could be an important reference for proposing guidance in maintenance of emergency eyewash and shower stations.

並列關鍵字

emergency eyewash and shower stations ； chemical workplace safety ； laboratory safety

參考文獻

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