人口高齡化已是世界各國的共同趨勢,依據內政部的資料,我國65歲以上的老年人口,截至97年底止,已超過240萬人,佔總人口數的10.4%,並且呈現逐年上升的現象。在人口老化的趨勢之下,如何規劃及因應老年生活已成為社會大眾關注的焦點。此外,社會環境與孝道觀念的變遷、晚婚以及少子的趨勢,也改變了家庭模式。 本文應用中央研究院「台灣地區社會變遷基本調查計畫」,採用2006年第五期第二次(問卷一)問卷資料,探討老人屬性、子女屬性以及子女孝道觀念對老人居住安排的影響。研究結果發現嬰兒潮世代的孝道觀念強烈,到了X世代的孝道觀念認同度逐漸下降,且嬰兒潮世代的孝道觀念強弱對居住安排沒有直接的影響,反觀X世代的孝道觀念強弱則對居住安排產生影響。 由於嬰兒潮世代的人接受傳統孝道觀念的教化,使其對孝道觀念非常認同,凡事以父母親為主。而另一個世代-X世代,隨著經濟發展、社會家庭變遷以及西方思想灌注等衝擊,對孝道觀念的認同度逐漸由孝道觀念強烈轉為中等,因此,不同世代的孝道觀念產生差異。 雖然嬰兒潮世代的孝道觀念很強烈,但是對居住安排沒有直接的影響,本文發現嬰兒潮世代的父母親,若不是與填答子女同住,就是會與其他子女同住,所以說,父母親與子女同住的比例很高,因此,導致父母親選擇獨居、專門機構、僅配偶同住或者與子女同住之居住方式的原因,還是受到過去相關文獻所指出來的特徵影響,如老人屬性中的性別、婚姻狀況或者子女屬性中的性別、婚姻狀況、房屋權屬等特徵屬性所致,跟孝道觀念沒有直接的關聯。而在X世代發現另一種情況,父母親跟子女們同住在一起的機會,都隨著孝道觀念認同度的下降而減少,也就是說,X世代的孝道觀念越強烈,便會傾向與父母親同住,相對的,孝道觀念越薄弱,X世代的父母親與子女同住的比例也隨之下降,故,針對孝道觀念對居住安排的影響,嬰兒潮世代與X世代應該要分開來看,而不只是世代間孝道觀念差異對居住安排有所影響了。綜上所述,台灣人的孝道觀念還是很重,相較於嬰兒潮世代,X世代的孝道觀念稍微淡薄些,但大致上看起來對其父母親依然是很孝順的,而且孝順的子女也比較會跟父母親同住。
Population ageing is a common trend around the world. According to the data of Interior Ministry, the elderly who are older than 65 years are more than 240 million people in Taiwan and the shares of population is about 10.4% in 2008. The issues which how to face and respond to this trend are concerned in these years. In addition, changes in social environment and filial piety, and the tendency toward marrying at late age and having fewer children have also alter patterns of family life. Using the data of "Taiwan Social Change Survey" from the Academia Sinica in 2006, this study investigate the effects of filial piety, personal attributes of elderly and their children on living arrangement of elderly. The empirical results revealed that the filial piety of baby boomer is strong, but it is weak of X-generation. Moreover, it is found that filial piety of X-generation has some effects on elderly living arrangement, but not be found that of baby boomer. This study also found most elderly who do not live with baby boomer respondents are living with their other children. This might be the explanation that filial piety is strong of baby boomer but not affect elderly living arrangement. In contrast, it is shown the probability of elderly living with their X-generation children is lower when the respondent children are less filial. Therefore, there is some relationship between filial piety and living arrangement, that is, the children who are more filial would prone to live with their parents, but the relationship is different for baby boomer and X-generation.