石化廠勞工細懸浮微粒暴露測定

Exposure Measurements of Fine Particulate Matter for Workers in Petrochemical Factories

張覺允(Jue-Yun Chang)

指導教授 ： 吳俊德

長榮大學/健康科學學院/職業安全與衛生學系(所)/碩士(2015年)

https://doi.org/10.6833/CJCU.2015.00059

摘要

為了瞭解石化廠區勞工細懸浮微粒(fine particulate matter, PM2.5)暴露濃度，本研究針對石化廠區廠區內作業勞工、環境定點、附近居民和非石化廠區大學校園進行個人及大氣環境PM2.5濃度測定。研究中以纖維素酯濾紙(mixed cellulose esters membrane filter, MCE)作為採樣介質，以個人式環境氣膠微粒採樣器(Personal Environmental Monitor, PEM)搭配個人空氣採樣幫浦，對石化廠環境定點及作業勞工個人PM2.5進行空氣暴露濃度測定採集。MCE濾紙採樣前後以七位數微量天平進行稱重，獲得PM2.5採集重量，進而推算石化廠環境及勞工個人PM2.5暴露質量濃度。完成稱重後的MCE濾紙，隨後以硝酸進行消化，然後以感應耦合電漿質譜分析儀(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)進行Mg、Al、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Zn和Pb等10種金屬成分分析。本研究一共完成對石化廠區20個工廠(以代號A01~A20表示)，138個暴露測定樣本，其中環境樣本81個，勞工個人暴露測定樣本57個；居民個人暴露和環境測定樣本分別為12個。測定結果發現社區居民和學校定點PM2.5測定濃度平均值(標準差)分別為124.8(64.7)和237.6(265.4) g/m3，與各廠區測定平均濃度範圍介於 46.4~234.2 g/m3無太大差異。廠區個人暴露測定平均濃度(標準差)為175.98(181.1) g/m3，大多高於定點測定濃度，顯示勞工可能於執行某些工作項目時，可能接近PM2.5發生源，因而造成較多的PM2.5暴露。金屬成分分析顯示：在石化廠區的27Al、56Fe、57Fe和66Zn這幾個金屬測定平均濃度，顯著高於社區居民和學校所測得的濃度。對於PM2.5個人暴露測定濃度較定點測定濃度為高，主要是由於使用個人式環境氣膠微粒採樣器屬於衝擊式，配戴於勞工身上時，可能會因勞工作業使採樣器產生碰撞或搖晃，導致大微粒反彈吸附至濾紙上，造成測定暴露濃度過高。因此，本研究中關於石化廠區勞工PM2.5暴露濃度的測值需保守看待，無法據以判定勞工的健康危害風險。建議未來個人PM2.5暴露採樣測定，應換成旋風式分離採樣器，以改善衝擊式採樣器採集可能發生的問題。

關鍵字

細懸浮微粒 ； 個人採樣 ； 環境採樣 ； 質量濃度 ； 金屬成分分析

並列摘要

The objective of this study is to measure the exposure concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) for workers in the factories of a petrochemical industry area by taking personal and environmental samples in the factories. The residents living around the petrochemical industry area and a university campus in a non-petrochemical industry area were also recruited to take their personal and environmental samples. A mixed cellulose esters (MCE) membrane filters was loaded in a small, lightweight inertial impaction sampler, Personal Environmental Monitor (PEM), to collect PM2.5. A personal air sampling pump provided the necessary airflow through the PEM. The mass of the particles collected on the MCE membrane filter was weighted by a 7-digit micro and ultra-microbalance. The personal and environmental mass concentrations of PM2.5 in the petrochemical factories were estimated. The weighed membrane filters were digested by using nitric acid for the sample preparation of elemental content analysis. Ten metals including Mg, Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn and Pb, in the samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A total of 138 samples including 81 environmental and 57 personal samples were collected in 20 petrochemical factories. The results showed that the average mass concentrations ( standard deviation) of PM2.5 measurements for the residential and work envoronments were 124.8(64.7) and 237.6(265.4) g/m3, respectively. The average mass concentrations of PM2.5 in the environments of the factories were in the range of 46.4~234.2 g/m3. The average mass concentration ( standard deviation) of PM2.5 for the workers in the factories was 175.98(181.1) g/m3. In each factory, the personal mean exposure concentration of PM2.5 measured from the workers was generally higher than that measured in the environment of the factory. This indicated that the workers might be close to the emission sources of PM2.5 when conducting their work tasks. The results of metal elements analysis showed that the mean concentrations of 27Al, 56Fe, 57Fe and 66Zn in the factories were significantly higher than those measured in the residential and university campus environments. Although the personal average mass concentration of PM2.5 measured from the workers in this study was higher than that measured from the environment, the influence of particle bounce on the inertial impaction sampler due to the shaking and collision might be the dominant issue. The magnitude of this issue could not be evaluated in this study. Further studies on this issue will be required. The mass concentration of PM2.5 observed in this study should be viewed conservatively. Therefore, the risk of adverse health effect due to the PM2.5 exposure for the workers could not be estimated. The cyclone-type aerosol samplers are suggected for personal exposure sampling to avoid the problem of particle bounce.

並列關鍵字

fine particulate matter ； personal sampling ； environmental sampling ； mass concentration ； metal elements analysis.

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