列仙傳研究

On the Religious Thought of Collected Biographies of Immortals

施禕涵(Shih, Yi Han)

指導教授 ： 朱曉海

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/中國文學系/碩士(2015年)

https://doi.org/10.6843/NTHU.2015.00009

摘要

《列仙傳》是現存最早的一部仙人傳記，然而歷代學者對於《列仙傳》的研究，只停留在字詞考訂、作者與成書年代的考釋，對於內文所彰顯的神仙信仰，以及《列仙傳》和道教創立初期、創立之前的關係，則少有研究。因此，深入地探討本書中，仙人的成仙過程和特殊能力，能更清楚地瞭解《列仙傳》所彰顯的神仙思想，以及與道教發展初期的關係。而《列仙傳》作者的寫作動機、目的，和選取的標準，也在研究的範圍之內。
本文首先梳理《列仙傳》一書的作者、著作年代、讚的各種問題，總結前賢的研究，並提出新的看法。對本書有基本與正確的認識之後，再對書中所描述的成仙過程，包含成仙的條件與方法、成仙去處、再現的現象，以及各種特殊能力，作深入地分析，由此得出本書的成仙理論和特色。最後處理書中立祠祭仙的原因和來由，以及對不死的追求這依基本主張，一探《列仙傳》所要發揚的神仙信仰。而書中缺乏神仙世界的描述，是一大特徵，將和其他神仙傳記、史書、文物雕刻等材料做比較，探討缺乏的原因。

關鍵字

列仙傳 ； 神仙信仰 ； 仙人

並列摘要

Collected Biographies of Immortals (Lie-xian Zhuan) is the first collection of immortals’ hagiographies among existing ancient documents. Previous generations of scholars have paid much attention to the editing of texts and the exact time when and by whom the book was written, falling short of further systematic research on the religious beliefs reflected in the stories, as well as their relation to the establishment of early Daoism. Therefore, deeper inquiry into the process of immortalization and the supernatural abilities thus acquired can help us achieve a clearer understanding of the religious thought of the book and its relation to the early development of Daoism. The scope of this research also includes the authors’ motivation and purpose of composing these hagiographies and the collector’s criteria of selection.
This essay begins with various questions concerning the original author of the book, the exact time of its composition, the content of the preface, and so forth, proposing a new viewpoint based upon literature review. With the help of this basic and correct understanding of the profile of the book, I shall give an extensive analysis of the process of immortalization described in the stories, such as the necessary condition and method of immortalization, the immortals’ whereabouts after immortalization, their reappearance in the secular world, and the wide array of acquired special abilities, leading to an account of the features of the theology exhibited by the book. Finally, the reasons behind the construction of the immortals’ temples for ritualistic practices will be delineated; lack of description of the heavenly world is another feature of the book which will be explained by comparing it with other collections of immortals’ hagiographies, written records, ancient sculptures, and other kinds of historical texts and artefacts.

並列關鍵字

Lie-xian Zhuan ； the religious of immortal ； immortal

參考文獻

徐中舒：〈金文嘏辭釋例〉，《中央研究院歷史語言所集刊》，第六期，（1936年），頁1-44。

余嘉錫：《四庫提要辨證》，北京：中華書局，2007。

李豐楙：〈不死的探求－－從變化神話到神仙變化傳說〉，《中外文學》，15卷5期，（1986年10月），頁36-57。

樂蘅軍：〈中國原始變形神話試探（上）〉《中外文學》，第二期，（1974年1

沈曉柔：《化生、復蘇、成仙：古代中國面對死亡的三種態度》，國立成功大學歷史研究所碩士論文，2009年。