- 學位論文
「絕對主權」與「公民自由」：霍布斯的政治科學研究
“Absolute sovereignty” and “Civil liberty”: A study of Hobbes’s Civil Science
摘要
本論文企圖去釐清霍布斯政治科學中，關於「絕對主權」和「公民自由」的意涵。在政治思想史中，霍布斯的定位是絕對主義者，從而背負了不好的名聲。然而，當我們對霍布斯的思想有深入的理解後，特別是霍布斯的自然法理論，便能發現霍布斯的絕對主權者雖然是「絕對的」，但不是「無限的」。主權者的權力範圍是國家安全，而在國家安全之外的事情，主權者便要受到限制。儘管，霍布斯對傳統自然法理論進行一定程度的改造，將之轉化為主持絕對主權者的基礎，但主權者本身仍然要遵守自然法。 對霍布斯來說，在絕對主權者的治理下，公民仍然是自由的，並且保有大量的權利。人們建立國家的目的，便是要享受這些無害的公民自由。當國家建立以後，公民便不再擁有完整的自然權利，在法律緘默的地方，才是真正的公民自由；其中包括了自我保存權、追求美好生活的權利。當主權者侵犯公民的權利時，主權者便是在破壞國家與公民之間的「保護——服從」關係。換言之，主權者違背自然法時，便會讓國家偏離正常運作，使得國家生病，從而導致國家的死亡。 本論文的目的是要在絕對主權和公民自由之間劃出界線，主權者即使擁有絕對主權，仍然有其不能做的事情。
並列摘要
This master’s thesis attempts to clarify Hobbes’s civil science, with respect to the meaning of “Absolute sovereignty” and “Civil liberty”. In the history of political thought, Thomas Hobbes was positioned to absolutism, thus saddled with a bad reputation. However, when we have a better understanding of Hobbes’s thought, especially for his theory of natural law, we will be able to find the meaning of absolute sovereign, although “absolutely”, but not “unlimited”. The purposes of the sovereign power is national security, but things are outside of national security, the sovereign will have to be limited. Although Hobbes transformed the traditional natural law theory in a certain extent, then the natural law will be converted presiding absolute sovereign basis; but the sovereign still to comply with the natural law himself. In absolute sovereign governance, citizens still have freedom, and to maintain a large number of rights. People build the commonwealth, their purposes are to enjoy the blameless civil liberties. When a commonwealth have built, citizens would no longer have full natural rights, the law of silence where the real civil liberties; including the right of self-preservation, the right to pursue a content life. When sovereign invade the rights of citizens, the sovereign will break the “protection – obedience” relationship between the commonwealth and its citizens. In other words, sovereign contrary to the law of nature, the commonwealth will run deviations from normal operation, so that make it sick, and leading to the death of the commonwealth. Finally, the purpose of this thesis is to draw the line between absolute sovereignty and civil liberty, even if the sovereign has the absolute sovereignty can do everything he want, but still something he can’t do.