明清澡堂的發展與社會互動

The Development and Social Interaction in Bathhouses in Ming and Qing Dynasty

游欣婷

指導教授 ： 陳熙遠 ； 馬雅貞

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/歷史研究所/碩士(2010年)

摘要

澡堂雖是沐浴的場所之一，但是在澡堂所發生的行為卻不僅有沐浴而已。澡堂出現代表新空間興起及沐浴習慣改變。澡堂是跳脫家內的公共空間，人走出家門與更多人群接觸，同時許多活動在澡堂裡發生，澡堂不只是沐浴場所，還是社交空間。
城市興起、流動人口增加帶動澡堂發展。一般認為澡堂從宋代便有，元代持續發展，到了明清則更為興盛。以外在空間論，澡堂設立與水源有密切相關，而位於交通幅輳點對於澡堂更有加分效果；此外，城內外澡堂地點則各有不同考量與吸引力。明清澡堂內部空間設計符合浴人需求，除滿足基本沐浴之外，更使沐浴成為愉悅的享受。而澡堂內部空間規劃則根據澡堂等級不同而有差異，普通澡堂內部空間設計簡單；特色澡堂則提供個人獨立空間，避免混雜。不過澡堂空間設計並不完善，有時候反易成為意外的殺手，危害生命。
澡堂對一般大眾而言，不只是個洗澡的地方，更是聯繫感情、交際辦公、交換訊息的社會互動空間。澡堂客群不只是旅人，還有一般士庶、商人甚至是官員。不過澡堂內裸身露體共浴的結果，反使得公共與隱私無法區辨，甚至彼此侵犯：大眾在公共空間展現身體隱私，雖是隱私但其實是公開；有時個人意圖卻又利用公共空間被突顯，雖是公開，但卻是別有用心。而因身體裸露帶來公私交雜是澡堂與其他公共空間相較之下最大差別。澡堂內混浴現象亦使得士人身份與目的認同產生動搖，使得士人階層對此發出不滿之聲，紛紛以不合禮法為由，力求與一般群眾有所區分，實際上是為了維持自我身份的優越。而特色澡堂則滿足群體個別需求，使澡堂成為區分群體的象徵。

關鍵字

澡堂 ； 空間 ； 士人

並列摘要

The development of bathhouses means new space appears and the habits of bath change. The bathhouses are different from homes, and people have more contacts with one another. The bathhouses are not only for bath, but also for social contacts.
The rise of cities and changing population help the development of bathhouses. Generally speaking, bathhouses began from Song Dynasty. They were continued in Yuan Dynasty and then more blossomed in Ming and Qing Dynasty. Bathhouses usually located at where there was water, and it would be better with convenient traffic. The interiors of bathhouses in Ming and Qing Dynasty met people’s needs, and bath was joyful. They differed because of their types. The interiors of common bathhouses were simple while special bathhouses provided separate rooms.
Those who came to bathhouses included not only travelers but common people, scholars, businessmen and even officials. But that people took a bath nakedly together made privacy gone. It’s the biggest difference between bathhouses and other public places. Scholars disliked bathing with common people, therefore they had some opinions. They thought it was not proper manner, and they wanted to be separated from common people because they had sense of superior. Special bathhouses met their needs, and bathhouses could divide people into different groups.

並列關鍵字

Bathhouses ； Space ； Scholars

參考文獻

11.金觀濤、劉青峰，〈從「群」到「社會」、「社會主義」—中國近代公共領域變遷的思想史研究〉，《中研院近史所研究集刊》第35期， 2002。

2.王爾敏，《明清時代庶民文化生活》，台北：中央研究院近代史研究所，1996。

20.彭進專，〈南宋個人衛生文化的研究〉，東吳大學歷史學系碩士班論文，2009。

24.蕭瓊瑞，〈「清明上河圖」畫名意義的再認識〉，《成功大學歷史學報》第18期（台南，1992年12月。

15.邢義田，〈古代羅馬的公共澡堂〉，《西洋史集刊》第8期，1998。