節能服務產業之跨國比較研究：以整合性生態系統觀點

An International Comparative Study of Energy Service Companies (ESCOs): Toward the Integrative Ecological Perspective

張菀菁(Wan-Ching Chang)

指導教授 ： 張元杰

國立清華大學/科技管理學院/科技管理研究所/碩士(2011年)

摘要

從1997年，各國簽署“京都議定書”開始，全球暖化及環境保育之相關議題就與我們生活形影不離。在全球能源供給有限之情況下，碳交易及相關替代潔淨能源，如：太陽、風力、海洋等，成為各國能源發展之重點項目。但因技術及產業尚未完整等限制，使相關產業仍處未臻成熟之發展階段，故全球便逐漸興起從舊有能源系統開始進行節流，能源服務產業(Energy Service Industry)之服務便孕育而生，強調以降低國家能源支出成本、溫室氣體排放量，及提昇整體能源使用效率為目標，此已成為產官學界共同面臨的重要議題，並衍生相關的研究議題。

本研究以三種理論呈現整合性之生態系統架構進行分析；分別為Moore(1996)商業生態系統理論、Adner (2006)創新生態系統與Afuah(2004)商業模式，藉由此整合生態系統架構來建立能源產業之分析並進行五國(德、美、日、中、台)之比較，以發掘在推動能源服務產業時，各國在其三者架構上尚未完善或正面臨哪些障礙及問題，使整體產業無法發展順遂，並以個案訪談之方式訪問節能服務產業相關團體之專家，藉此以探索台灣發展能源服務產業可行之方案。

本研究發現，目前國內在於節能服務產業發展上之瓶頸與問題主要可藉由5項做法進行改善：1. 推動節能產業聯盟。2. 提供多元之融資管道。3.降低ESCO合約風險與交易成本(包括：增加補助與減稅優惠、爭取政府部門的合作機會)。4. 檢討長期能源價格政策。5. 增加量測與驗證機制。6. 尋找適合台灣之商業模式：節能績效保證合約。透過嶄新的整合性生態系統，強化商業生態系統之關聯、減少創新生態系統之合約風險、確認商業模式能有效降低ESCO與顧客面臨之風險，提升廠商節能意願，並得以擴展國內之節能服務產業。

關鍵字

商業生態系統 ； 創新生態系統 ； 商業模式 ； 節能服務產業 ； 節能分享合約 ； 節能績效保證合約

並列摘要

Eight-four countries have signed the "Kyoto Protocol" since 1997. After that, “Global warmming” and “Conservation issues” are closely related to our life. Because the limit of global energy supply, countries start to focus on developing the carbon trading process and clean energy alternatives, such as: solar, wind, ocean etc. Although developing the new energy became an important issue, but both of the technology and industry are not complete and also exist many restrictions. This situation lets the industry that is still in an immatured stage of development, so the new trend becomes toward to develop the “Energy Service Companies (ESCOs)”. Now, the government and academia have taken the development of ESCOs as one of important research issues.
This study uses three theoretical frameworks for investigate the ecological system of ESCOs: (1) business eco-system theory. (2) innovation ecosystem and (3) business model. The integrated framework is applied to conduct an international comparative study among five countries, namely, Germany, the United States, Japan, China and Taiwan. This study shows that the strength or struggle in the ESCO industry for those countries and also use the method of focus group interview to explore each countries’ feature and the key success factors. This study finds that the bottlenecks and the main problems of the development of domestic energy service industry can be improved through six parts: (1) Promoting ESCO industrial alliance, (2) Providing multiple financing channels, (3) Reducing the ESCO contract’s risks and transaction costs (including: increased subsidies and tax cuts or earned more opportunities to coorperate with government), (4) Reviewing the long-term energy pricing policy, (5) Increase the measurement and verification (M&A) mechanisms, and (6) Adjsuting the appropriate business model in Taiwan: Energy Performance Contract. Through a newly integrated ecosystem, strengthen the relationship of the subsystems in ESCO industry, reduce the contract risk of innovation ecosystem and confirmed the right business model can reduce the suspicion or risk of both the ESCO demand side and supply side, also can expand the domestic energy service industry.The study finds out the key problems and key success fators in the developemt of Tawan’s ESCOs. Finally, some suggestions are made.
Keywords: Business ecosystem, innovation ecosystem, ESCOs, business model, the integrative ecological perspective.

參考文獻

Afuah, A. (2004). Business Models: A Strategic Management Approach, McGraw-Hill College.

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