全球化對薪資及就業的影響－以台灣製造業為例

The Impact of Globalization on Employment and Wage: Evidence of Taiwanese Manufacturing

劉巳嘉(Ssu-chia Liu)

指導教授 ： 李宜

國立清華大學/科技管理學院/經濟學系/碩士(2013年)

https://doi.org/10.6843/NTHU.2013.00644

摘要

台灣為一小型開放的經濟體，隨著全球化程度的提升，國內與國際市場的關係也更密不可分。近十多年來，我國勞動市場出現薪資與就業成長遲緩的現象，引發許多人對全球化的好處產生了質疑。為釐清全球化對國內勞動市場的衝擊，本研究串聯合併 1996 年至 2010 年人力運用調查、進出口、對外直接投資等資料進行實證分析，期望能找出薪資與就業成長遲緩的主因。

參考Ebenstein et al. (2011) 的方法，由於勞工轉換職業相較於轉換產業為困難，本研究依據Acemoglu and Autor (2010) 的分類方式建構職業常規性指標，分析不同職業類別的勞工受到國際貿易與國際分工的影響是否有所差異。此外，由於台灣在中國大陸子公司所使用的原物料與中間財有逐漸向當地購買的趨勢，我們也分析下游產業對外直接投資對上游產業勞工的影響。

實證結果顯示：(1) 使用職業層級資料之實證結果較為顯著，反映出勞工轉換職業較轉換產業困難的結果；(2) 全球化對國內勞動市場的影響，替代效果為主要的負面影響因素，且多反映於與高所得國家貿易和FDI 至高所得國家；(3) 下游產業FDI 至高所得國家對上游產業常規性勞工薪資的正向影響較為明顯。

關鍵字

國際貿易 ； 國際分工 ； 進出口 ； 對外直接投資 ； 下游產業對外直接投資 ； 薪資 ； 就業 ； 職業常規性指標

並列摘要

With the trend of globalization, the relations between domestic and international markets are more and more inseparable. Over the past decade, the stagnation of wage and employment in Taiwan have become striking. The benefits of globalization have been challenged.

In this paper, we estimate the impacts of globalization on domestic labor market by using individual-level employee data over the period 1996 – 2010. We also link industry-level trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) data with individual-level data to construct the measures of globalization. Following Ebenstein et al. (2011), we examine the impacts of globalization on wages and labor market participation both across industries and occupations in Taiwan’s manufacturing sector. Based on Acemoglu and Autor’s (2010) classification of the routineness of each occupation, we examine the impacts of globalization on wages and employment of different types of workers. In addition, we also analyze the effects of FDI in downstream industries on labor market in the upstream industries.

We find that the effects of trade and FDI on wages and employment are larger across occupations than across industries. Trade and FDI have negative substitution effects on domestic labor market. These effects are more pronounced for openness to high-income countries. Finally, FDI in the downstream industries has a positive effect on the wages of routine workers.

並列關鍵字

international trade ； international division of labor ； export and import ； foreign direct investment (FDI) ； foreign direct investment in the downstream industries ； wage ； employment ； routine index

參考文獻

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