漢語副詞的連續性與泛稱性

Adverbs of continuity and genericity in Mandarin Chinese

楊惠婷(Hui-Ting Yang)

指導教授 ： 林宗宏

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/語言學研究所/碩士(2013年)

摘要

本篇論文結果呈現出，「一般」、「一向」、「一貫」、「一直」這四個副詞，雖然在漢語中皆能表達連續性 (continuity) 或泛稱性 (genericity) 的概念，但彼此之間仍存有差異。在此主要以句法和語意兩個面向來探討「一般」、「一向」、「一貫」、「一直」的基本語言特性、及其連續性與泛稱性。
就句法而言，這四個副詞的結構分佈與Cinque (1999)、Tenny (2000) 和Liao(2004) 所提出的理論相符。 「一般」和「一向」皆位於最高層的動貌詞組(higher aspect)，介於時制詞組 (TP) 與輕動詞詞組 (vP) 之間；「一貫」位於輕動詞詞組 (vP)，為主語導向副詞；「一直」則介於最高層的動貌詞組 (higher aspect) 與中層的動貌詞組 (middle aspect) 之間。
在語意方面，先從連續性的觀點看起：「一向」和「一貫」皆為非連續性副詞；然而，在特定的時間範圍裡，「一直」則在於著重重複或持續性的行為。由於「一般」能允許例外，它並無蘊含任何與連續性相關的概念。其次，從泛稱性的觀點來看，「一向」和「一貫」既無法允許例外，也未蘊含同樣事件在未來仍有發生的可能性。除此之外，「一向」和「一貫」的不同點在於，「一貫」所修飾的事件是從過去到現在，並延續至當下說話的時間點 (speech time)；但「一向」卻止於說話時間點之前。「一直」是個表連續性的副詞，它並無蘊含任何與泛稱性相關的特性。「一般」則是個表泛稱性的副詞，能允許例外並蘊含同樣事件在未來仍有發生的可能性。

關鍵字：副詞、連續性、泛稱性、一般、一向、一貫、一直

關鍵字

副詞 ； 連續性 ； 泛稱性 ； 一般 ； 一向 ； 一貫 ； 一直

並列摘要

This thesis shows that although yiban ‘generally’, yiguan ‘at all times’, yixiang ‘all the time’ and yizhi ‘continually’ in Mandarin Chinese all denote continuity and/or genericity, they behave differently.
This thesis proposes that these four adverbs adjoin to different structural levels of the sentence. Theoretically, the syntactic hierarchy of these four adverbs matches the theories proposed by Cinque (1999), Tenny (2000) and Liao (2004). Yiban and yixiang are associated with a higher aspect level (Liao’s (2004) TAS model), between TP and vP. Yiguan is structually associated with vP-level, as a subject-oriented adverb. Yizhi is located between a higher aspect and a middle aspect.
In regards to continuity, yixiang and yiguan exhibit discontinuity and modify the set of events in a situation-by-situation manner. Yizhi, in contrast to yixiang and yiguan, exhibits continuity and focuses on repetitive or continual action within a given time interval. Yiban permits exceptions, and it does not imply any sense of continuity. In regards to genericity, yixiang and yiguan neither tolerate exceptions nor have a future interpretation. They both entail a set of events that have happened in a time frame ranging from the past, while yiguan, differing from yixiang, requires the event to be held at the speech time. Yizhi does not show any semantic feature of genericity, either. Yiban allows for exceptions, has a future interpretation, and can be considered a generic adverb.

並列關鍵字

adverbs ； continuity ； genericity ； yiban ； yiguan ； yixiang ； yizhi

參考文獻

Krifka, Manferd, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Gregory N.

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Li, Charles N. and Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin

Boneh, Nora & Edit Doron. 2008. Habituality and the Habitual