二程思想體系研究――以「體用」為核心的開展

The Study of Cheng Bothers’ Philosophy：Take Substance-function as the Core to Develop

林宣佑

指導教授 ： 楊儒賓

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/中國文學系/碩士(2014年)

摘要

本文主要討論的是二程的體用論。藉由伊川悼諡明道所作〈行狀〉之內容，筆者希望將二程在學術發展歷程上分為二程往見濂溪、撿擇於佛老二氏、復歸儒門等三個階段，對比出這三個階段中體用論的影響。
在第二章中，首先討論的是「周程授受」說的爭議，指出濂溪在歷史上的地位如何被理學家重新建構。而濂溪之所以被推尊，則源自其思想體系典範式的轉化漢唐以來的聖人觀，到晚明更被視為完美的結合本體與工夫者，而被視為學者成聖的典型。然二程雖在濂溪門下求學，這種影響力卻微乎其微，與其說濂溪是二程之後學說體系的規劃者，倒不如說其人格形象的影響力更大。不過在濂溪的思想分析中，我們也看到濂溪的思想已經具備某種基本的體用論結構，這或多或少影響了二程觀看、理解事物的方式，也促使二程之後在體用概念上，進行「概念的轉位或變形」。
在第三章，本文針對的是古文家和佛教對於二程的影響。在內有儒家自身改變的需求，外有佛老的刺激挑戰，二程的重要性在於：他們初步的形成一次「以（天）理代禮」的「格式塔轉換」以及「體用論」的再詮釋。有別於古文家以人倫、治事言體用關係，受到佛教刺激而帶有本體論意謂的「縱貫式體用論」為天理人事的關係提出了新解，然而這也成為二程的不安之處，二程究竟不能輕易放過儒釋的間隔。二程究竟是如何歸本儒家幾已不可考，但本文嘗試以「對反構設」分析二程在體用論上闢佛的要點，並指出二程反省、擺脫華嚴禪的影響，而確立儒家「縱貫式體用論」的契機。
在第四章，探討的是二程在「縱貫式體用論」積極面的特色，以及其思想體系的走向。「內在超越」議題經當代新儒家倡導後的顯題，成為本文討論二程「縱貫式體用論」重要的參照資源。在「內在超越」議題內具「天道性命相貫通」此一命題的理解下，本文以「內在超越」為二程「縱貫式體用論」的基本性格，進一步分析二程「縱貫式體用論」的特色以及趨向。最後則指出明道的思想在「縱貫式體用論」的發展過程中，由一本逐漸走向一仁體活潑感應的境界；而伊川的思想則從性情之對立入手，最後走向了強調勉然的工夫。

關鍵字

程顥 ； 程頤 ； 體用論

並列摘要

Abstract
This thesis discusses the substance-function theory of Cheng brothers. Referring to brief biographical sketch which Cheng Yi wrote to memory Cheng Hao, the primary work of the thesis is to divide the academic process of Cheng brothers into three stages: going to Zhou Dunyi, learning from Buddhism and Taoism, and going back to Confucianism. With the comparison of the three stages, the study presents the influences of substance-function theory from the three stages.
In Chapter 2, the thesis mentions the crisis of the teacher-student relationships between Zhou Dunyi‘s and Cheng brothers and indicates how the historical position of Zhou Dunyi to be reframed by Neo-Confucianism. Zhou Dunyi‘s ideology transforms the concepts of saints since Han dynasty and Tang dynasty; moreover, the ideology was regarded as the perfect combination of ontology and gongfu in the late Ming dynasty. For that reason, the ideological system is a model of being a saint. The analysis of Zhou Dunyi‘s ideology reveals the basic frame of substance-function theory, it might influence Cheng brothers’ ways to understand the world and cause Cheng brothers use the displacements and transformations of concepts to analyze substance-function theory. This study takes Zhou Dunyi as the characters shaper of Cheng brothers more than planner of the Cheng brothers’ ideology.
In Chapter 3, the study focuses on the influence which the prose writers and the theory of Buddhism bring to Cheng brothers. Speaking of the influence, it could be separate to the external and internal parts; the external part is the challenges from Buddhism and Taoism, and the internal part is the change demands from Confucianism itself. The importance of Cheng brothers is the gestalt switch of Metaphysical Principles in substitution for Propriety as well as the interpretation of substance-function theory. Different from other prose writers which see the substance-function on basis of ethics and administration, Cheng brothers’ theory gives new perspectives to the relationships between Tian Li and human because of the vertical substance-function theory which was stimulated by Buddhism. It is a question that whether Cheng brothers could let off the barriers of Confucianism and Buddhism or not. It is undefinable how Cheng brothers’ ideology goes the root of Confucianism, but the study tries to analyze the main points of substance-function theory which comes from the Buddhism. After the analysis, the study indicates the viewpoints which Cheng brothers get rid of the influence of Huayen and establish a developing chance of the vertical substance-function theory for Confucianism.
Chapter 4 explores the positive features of the vertical substance-function theory and the trends of ideology. Because Immanent Transcendence becomes the main issue after the advocate of Neo-Confucianism, it is the major reference materials of this study. Under the proposition of Immanent Transcendence includes Tian Dao Xing Ming Xiang Guan Tong, the thesis takes Immanent Transcendence as the foundation of the vertical substance-function theory of Cheng brothers and makes further analysis on the features and directions of the vertical substance-function theory. The final part of the study points out that the thoughts of Cheng Hao turns one origin into ren-ti in the process of the vertical substance-function theory; Cheng Yi’s thoughts starts with the contrast of xing and qing, and goes to the gongfu emphasizing diligent.

Key words：Cheng Hao、Cheng Yi、substance-function theory

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