論技術性貿易障礙協定下之不歧視原則

The Principle of Non-Discrimination under the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade

黎家秀(Chia-Hsiu LI)

指導教授 ： 彭心儀

國立清華大學/科技管理學院/科技法律研究所/碩士(2014年)

摘要

不歧視原則作為最重要的國際貿易原則之一，透過世界貿易組織之爭端解決機制，不斷豐富其具體內涵。然而，如何明確劃分構成歧視與否之界線，絕非易事。此外，技術性貿易障礙協定亦有規定最惠國待遇原則及國民待遇原則，因此，其條文規範與關稅暨貿易總協定間之關係應如何評價，不無爭議。

　　本文首先介紹本協定之宗旨及基本原則；其次，觀察目前多邊、雙邊協定及技術性貿易障礙協定等實踐概況，試圖建立其理論與實際面向之交會與分析。最後，透過個案研究，聚焦於技術性貿易障礙協定第2.1條之要件及檢驗標準，觀察實際案例之發展情形。

　　藉由美國丁香香菸案、美國進口鮪魚案、美國肉品標示案，似乎象徵著技術性貿易障礙協定之適用範圍越趨擴張；然至今年歐體海豹產品案中，又於上訴機構報告中有一定幅度之抑制限縮。未來，各會員及世界貿易之發展與回應值得進一步研究。

關鍵字

技術性貿易障礙協定 ； 不歧視原則 ； 最惠國待遇 ； 國民待遇 ； 爭端解決機制

並列摘要

The principle of non-discrimination as one of the most important international trade principles, is enriched by the dispute settlement body of World Trade Organization. However, drawing the line clearly between whether there is a discrimination isn’t easy. In addition, there are provisions regarding Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment and National Treatment under the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade as well. Thus, how to evaluate the relationship between the TBT and GATT is not indisputable.

Firstly, this paper introduces TBT, its aims and the basic principles; then observes the current practice of TBT, multilateral agreements and bilateral agreements. This paper tries to build an analysis of the intersection between theory and practical approach. At last, it focuses on TBT article 2.1 by case studies, observes the subject matters, the standard of examination, and the development.

It seems that the application of TBT is expanding via US – Clove Cigarettes, US – Tuna II (Mexico) and US – COOL. However, this year the AB report of EC – Seal Products seems to limit the scope in certain extent. The response of members and the development of the international trade will be further researched in the future.

並列關鍵字

The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade ； The Principle of Non-Discrimination ； Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment ； National Treatment ； Dispute Settlement Body

參考文獻

Ankersmit, Laurens J. & C., Lawrence Jessica, The Future of Environmental Labeling: US – Tuna II and the Scope of the TBT, Legal Issues of Economic Integration 39, No. 1 (2012)

Michael, Trebilcock, Howse, Robert & Eliason, Antonia, The Most Favoured Nation Principle, THE REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE, Routledge (2013).

Bartels, Lorand, The Legality of the EC Mutual Recognition Clause under WTO Law, J.I.E.L. 2005, 8(3) (2005)

Bernstein, Steven & Hannah, Erin, Non-State Global Standard Setting and the WTO: Legitimacy and the Need for Regulatory Space, J.I.E.L. 2008, 11(3) (2008)

Choi, Won-Mog, How More 'Likeness' in Addressing Technical Regulations? Society of International Economic Law (SIEL), 3rd Biennial Global Conference (2012)