魯凱族部落家屋空間傳承—以大武社部落研究

The Spatial Heritage of the Rukai Tribal Houses — A Case Study of Labuan (Dawu) Community

呂智雄(Chih-Hsiung Lu)

指導教授 ： 堀込憲二

中原大學/設計學院/設計學博士學位學程/博士(2017年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu201700288

摘要

國內因八八風災將南部山區原住民遷到平地永久屋居住，出現自然資源經營管理相關的個案與趨勢，該類遷移是政府或外來民間團體協助與規劃，卻產生原住民居住環境與經濟生產方式、技術等的不適應，因而族人紛紛回原鄉耕作。因此，本研究透過對部落家屋空間使用與傳承型態變遷的研究，探討台灣南部原住民災後，居住空間之演變過程；研究以魯凱族大武社的部落為例，範圍擴及傳統部落遺址之部落擇址、居住空間演變與部落生活方式之間的關聯性。
本研究以實地調查、文獻收集、深度訪談與建構地形3D圖等方法，透過大武族人經歷風災的重建過程，來探究族人的生存自我防護與山域生活方式之間的關聯，收集大武社三個不同時期部落與後來少數族人到平地租屋居住空間之演變情形、空間傳承與問題呈現等方面。發現日治時期受外來政權改變影響，光復後受國家政策、經濟與社會變遷影響，建築材料與居住空間等演變情形，經由調查歸納與不同時期部落家屋空間比較分析，發現部落耕作物與獵物建立信仰、經濟、社會地位、共享社會來維護山林構成永續經營與文化傳承之特色，是與地理環境為一體的連結。過程中受日人進駐、材料與技術的引入、風災後的困境等因素影響，產生建築型態的演變以及地理位置的選擇。另在部落階層制度下的影響，呈現部落不盡相同的共生現象與共生空間，和部落生活空間文化的變遷傳承經營型態、空間傳承內在力量與關聯性等方面做出結論﹔並建議在今後的遷村規劃設計中，如能保存其文化內涵所形成之經營管理的體制之特質，應可提高山林保育、文化傳承多樣性的機會。

關鍵字

台灣原住民 ； 遷村 ； 災害重建 ； 空間傳承 ； 部落文化

並列摘要

Owing to occurrence of Typhoon Morakot Incident in Taiwan, the indigenous peoples originally living in the mountain area of Southern Taiwan were forced to move to the permanent houses built on the flat ground. However, there appeared cases and trends of operation and management of natural resources. This kind of migration was assisted and planned by the government or by nongovernmental organizations, but the indigenous peoples found it hard to adapt to their new living environment as well as the different economic production way and techniques. Therefore, many tribesmen went back to their homeland successively for farming. In view of this, the study attempts to review the spatial use of the tribal houses, study the changes of inherited house patterns, and explore the evolution process of the living space of the indigenous peoples in Southern Taiwan after the disasters. The study makes a case study of the settlement of the Rukai Tribe in Labuan (Dawu) Community. The study also covers the correlation among the location selection of the traditional tribal ruins, evolution of living space and tribal living styles.
The study makes field surveys, literature review, in-depth interviews and 3D landscape figures, and reports the reconstruction process of the tribesmen in Labuan Community after the typhoon disaster in order to explore the correlation between the tribesmen’s survival and self-protection ways and their mountain lives. The study discusses about the evolution of the tribesmen’s living space in Labuan Community, from three different periods in the old days to the later days with flatland houses rented by a minority of the tribesmen, the spatial heritage of their tribal houses, and the problems presented. The study finds that the evolution of their construction materials and living space were affected by the change of foreign political power during the Japanese occupation period, and affected by the change of national policy, economy and social conditions after the restoration of Taiwan. After investigation and induction of the collected information as well as comparative analysis of spatial use of the tribal houses at different periods, the study finds that the crops and preys of the tribe had established their religious, eoonomic and social statuses, and the co-shared society so as to protect the mountain forest, and form the features of sustainable operation and cultural heritage –– this is a link combining with geographical environment as a whole. In this process, due to different factors, including the Japanese involvement, introduction of new materials and techniques, and the predicaments after the typhoon disaster, there were evolution of construction patterns and selection of geographic location. Besides, as affected by the class system of tribes, different tribes appear to have different symbiotic phenomena and symbiotic space. The study draws conclusion in some aspects: the inherited operation patterns of cultural change in tribal living space, internal force of spatial heritage, and correlation between them. The study suggests that in the design of village migration plan in the later days, if the features of the operation management system formed by the cultural meanings of tribes can be preserved, there would be greater chances for enhancement of mountain forest conservation and diversity of cultural heritage.

並列關鍵字

indigenous peoples of Taiwan ； village migration ； reconstruction after disaster ； spatial heritage ； tribal culture

參考文獻

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黃應貴主編《空間、力與社會》台北，中央研究院民族學研究所。